History questions

Why do we not recognize the Norse and Celtic medieval discoveries of the New World as the important first steps towards the beginning of the exploration era

No records were kept and it was kept a secret

What was the primary motivation for the Age of Exploration

Profit and money

What were the principal Oriental goods brought back to Western Europe by the early explorers

a sack of pepper, cinnamon, Ginger, nutmeg, fragrant ambergris, musk
attar of roses, silks, demasks, gold

What were some of the navigation problems that faced the early explorers

Not a lot of the maps were accurate and there was no longitude

What is a rutter for sailing

Handbook of sailing directions that gave helpful information about things like the tides and reefs

When Niccolo And Maffeo Polo left on their trading journey that would take them all the way to Cathay, they stopped at this port on the eastern shore of the Black Sea called:

Sudak

The coastal city in Palestine where niccolo and Maffeo stopped on their initial return journey from Cathay, only to discover that the pope they were hoping to meet had died was called:

acre

Marco is amazed to learn that pearl divers in India can sometimes dive to this depth:

60 feet

The Karauna bandits who attacked the polos caravan while crossing Persia made use of white of the following making in their attack

Dust frogs

The first kingdom that Marco visited on behalf of Kublai Khan was called:

Mien

When Marco traveled to the island that is now called Sri Lanka in search of Buddha's tooth and other relics, that island was known as:

Ceylon

The great desert in western Cathay that Marcos caravan had to cross was known by what name

Gobi

When Marco was taken prisoner of war and ended up writing his famous book, Venice was at war with which republic?

Genoa

When Kublai Khan asked Niccolo and Maffeo Polo to return to Italy in 1266 on a special mission for him, what were his reasons for requesting that 100 Christian missionaries be sent to Cathay?

- Wanted to learn more about Christianity
- Wanted to spread Christianity

After accompanying Niccolo, Maffeo and Marco on at least part of their journey, why did the friars not travel all the way to Cathay?

Because there were rumors of attacks by bandits

How did Kublai Khan make sure that the citizens in Cathay would accept the use of paper money instead of gold and silver

citizens would be killed if they didn't use paper money

What was the name of Marco's co-author of the travails of Marco Polo, whom Marco met in prison and to whom he dictated the text

His name was Rustichello of Pisa

Where was Columbus born?

Genoa

How did Columbus first come to Potugual?

He sailed with a French Corsair

Columbus's early sailing experiences included journey to where (name at least 4 locations):

-Thule
-Porto santo
-Madeira
-Guinea Coast

During his early sailing experiences what hints did columbus discover that seemed to suggest the presence of lands across the Atlantic

Once a mans body washed up

What was Columbus's miscalculation and error with respect to the distance westward from West Africa to Eastern Asia

He didn't know that the Arab mile was bigger then the European mile

What did columbus demande of king John

-Tital of admiral
-a knighthood
-1/10 value of all of the things found
-Viceroyalty of all of the lands he might discover

Why did Spain ultimately decide to sponsor Columbus' expedition?

- They had captured Grenada and they were excited over the victoiry, and decided to sponsor Columbus

When stocking supplies for the voyage, why did Columbus pack "slight wares fit for commerce"?

He figured that he was going to run into barbarous people whom he would want to trade with. Columbus figured he could take advantage of their "stupidity" and give not great things for great things in return.

How did Columbus choose his latitude course for the voyage

From Marco Polo's book, the latitude and direction given in the book

What tricks did Columbus engage in to keep his crews from getting discouraged?

They would only sail day and night till it would be 700 leagues (about 2000 miles). Then, once at that point, only sail on the day, so they will se the land. He keeps a fake set of logs that he leaves out in the open so the crews will take peeks at. Had a real log with different numbers

Where did columbus land in the new world

San Salvador

What did columbus name the island of haiti and why

- He named it La Espanola
- It was a thank you to the king and queen of Spain

What ship of his fleet did Columbus himself sail on the return voyage and why?

Nina because the other ones broke down

From what Spanish port did Columbus depart for his second voyage?

- The port of Cádiz

Why is it likely the Fernando had possession of the Barcelona copy of the Log before his death in 1539

Because he was the best scholar that they had

In what year did Luis publish the Diario de a bordo

He never published it.

If Las Casas wanted to review items from Fernando's library after 1552, where would he need to go?

- Catheadral of Sevilla

In the abstract of the Log, which portion are we told is quoted directly from Columbus's own book

Today, what original manuscript related to Columbus can be found in the national library in Madrid?

Las Casas's Abstract

What document did benjamin Keen translate into English

- Fernando's Historie

Why does the legend of St. Amador scare Columbus' men?

- St. Amador was stuck in a frozen sea; ships were stuck
- Columbus man wanted to stay clear of sea weed
- Thought that if they hit too much seaweed, their ship would get stuck

What is a frigate bird as mentioned in the log and Why is it significant?

A frigate bird is a bird which makes terns vomit what they have eaten and then catches it in midair. These birds were significant because seeing the bird means that they are 60 miles away or less from land.

What are "The Guards" as mentioned in the Log and why are they significant during the voyage?

Two brightest stars in the Little Dipper, and they helped Columbus know how far he's traveled. Helps them tell time

What does Columbus promise to give the first crew member to sight land

- Silk doublet and 10,000 marviedes

For what reason was the Pinta consistently the lead ship in the fleet

Because she was a swift sailer

Columbus says the Indians he encounters believe he and his men came from where?

heaven

Of all the islands Columbus encounters on the first voyage, which one does he say has the most fertile land?

La Espanola

Why does Columbus believe the natives he encounters will be easy to conquer and eventually turn into slaves or workers

They are timid and do not have weapons. They cannot fight back.

Where were Ferdinand and Isabela when Columbus first returned to Spain in 1493?

Barcelona

What major geographic features played a role in the development of South American civilizations. Inca culture

Farming land
- every year the farming land was distributed among the Ayllu members according to what they needed

Rivers
-10,000 years ago many communities spring up against the names of the rivers

Andes Mountains
-The rugged andiean landscape also helped them. The tribes who apposed the Incas were scattered over small areas in isolated valleys

What did the six major cultures absorbed by the Incas each contribute to the eventual Incan way of life

Tiahuanaco - skilled stonworkers
Chavin - built terraces for growing crops; worshipped cat god; made gold/silver objects
Moche - craftwork/pottery/work/cloth; communication/message system
Nazca - geoglyphs; which are huge drawings in the ground
Chimus- pottery and feather tunics; perfected city building; worshipped moon; chan chan → most symmetrical city
Paracas - wove elaborate textiles; unusual terracotta figures; mummified their dead

How did the Incas build/expand their empire? What were some of the recurring patterns

They conquered all of the tribes near them, absorbed their way of life/cultures
They built roads and fortresses that had been used to store supplied
The fighting tribes would not be able to join together due to the strength of the Incas
Before conquering the villages, the Incas gave them a peaceful choice to join the Incas

Why were Cuzco and Lake Titicaca so important to the Incas?

Cuzco was the center of Pachacuti's empire. It is where the sapa Inca lives and held the fortress of Sacsashuan and held many different cities. Lake Titicaca was the birthplace of the first Inca

Describe the ways in which Incan society demonstrated knowledge of practical science and engineering

Practical science
Good knowledge in practical science
They used bird poop to make the land more productive
They made sure that the water on the terraces didn't go too fast or too slow
Everything they did had to do with irrigation (movement of water)
Engineering
Planned by professional architects from Cuzco
Use of stone as a building material
Built reservoirs where water was scarce; these were underground to prevent evaporation
Built dams and straightened rivers
Increased farming in two ways
Terracing hillsides
Digging canals to irrigate the land
Learned how to manipulate the land to fulfill their needs
Used simple tools and a lot of human effort
They amazed modern day engineers

How would an Incan woman describe her life

About the age of ten, Inca girls were judged on their social rank and beauty and put into one of two groups.
One group was known as "left-out" girls, remained in their villages. Here they learned all the skills they would need in life.
When they became twelve the left out girls got married.
They women spent the rest of their lives classed as "warriors wives," raising their family and helping with farming
They also learned how to cook, spin and weave

The other group the chosen women trained for lives as priestess and servants to the Sapa Inca
The girls were trained in mamacona institutes, which were similar to convents and situated near towns

Describe the primary arts and crafts practiced by the Incas.

- Textiles
- Arts and crafts
- Clothing
- Gold and silver

Discuss the ways social and societal divisions were reflected in the Incas clothing and dress

The Noble and the poor had the same style. Lots of texture and patterns and the more wealthy people had lots of jewelry. Most importantly the more wealthy people had really big earring

Why did renaissance thinkers look back to Ancient Rome as a source of inspiration

In ancient Rome, they were interested in self-improvemen

What specific features of ancient Roman life did Renaissance figures look back on favorably upon

Art
Architecture
Education
Nature
Science
SElf improvement

In what ways was Ancient Roman culture influenced by Ancient Greek civilization

Manuscripts were all translated into latin and there were many plays

How were Roman citizens Agustus's time and Greek ariocrats precursors of the so-called "Renaissance men"

They had to be well educated, skilled in many disciplines, including sports, and actively involved in politics

Why did emperor Diocletian divide the Roman Empire

To make the ruling of the empire more efficient

How did the Roman Catholic Church influence daily life in the Middle Ages

The people of the church said that everyone must follow the teachings of the church in order to go to heaven, so the majority of Europe was apart of the church, and the rigid teachings of the church influenced everything they did.

Why was the discovery of Aristotle's writings in the 12th century so significant?

It suggested the importance of reason over faith

How did the creation of universities in the Middle Ages long lead to humanist thinking and thus the Renaissance

The university began as a gathering place for scholars and students who were anxious to share their love of knowledge. The students were eager to learn more about the nature of man rather than the relationship between man and God.

How did humanist thinkers reconcile their new way of looking at the world with the fact that they remained devout Christians

They created a link between a desire to understand the mysteries of the physical universe and a strong faith in God. This helped make the ideas of the humanists acceptable to many people.

Why was Florence considered to be the cultural and artistic center of the renaissance

That city birthed many writers, artists, financiers, and men of action than any other city.

How the term "Heretic" defined

Someone who does not believe in the churches teachings

Who were Leonardo Da Vinci's parents

His mom was name catrina she was poor and his dad who was wealthy named ser piero

How did Leonardo's father discover his artistic talents

Leonardo's father discovered his son's unique artistic talents when Leonardo decorated a shield with a painting of a dragon. His painting was so realistic that it gave his farther a fright.

Describe Lenardo's experience as a student in Verrocchios studio

Leonardo's experience as a student in Verrocchio's studio was very positive. Leonardo was one of the stars at the studio. He always worked very hard and tried his best. Leonardo had to study drawing, painting and sculpting. Also, he studied the mechanics of gears, levers, geometry, and anatomy. After 6 years he finished all of is work and was very successful.

What was Leonardos only attempted major work of sculpture, and why was it never complicated

Leonardo's only attempted major work of sculpture was the statue of Francesco Sforza. It was never completed because the statue was so vast that enormous quantities of bronze were needed to make it. Also, Malian came under threat of arrack by the French, and the bronze was used to make cannons.

What was Leonardo's grand plan

record the structure of everything in the world in order to show truth of harmony

What were 3 of the painting techniques Leonardo pioneered

Tempura- is a ground color that is mixed with egg yolk.
Chiaroscure- to use light and shadow
Sfumato- which translated literally from Italian means "vanished or evaporated." Creating imperceptible transitions between light and shade and color

What did Leonardo know the would affect warfare in his time, and what were at least three of his warfare design ideas

• multibarreled guns
• a mechanism for firing handheld guns
• Fortresses with the best use of cannons

Leonardo came to believe that that "wisest teacher" of all was..

Nature

In the last supper what was the primary painting technique used, what technique should have been used and why.

The Painting technique that was used was called tempura. This is because Leonardo wanted the Last Supper to work slowly and have strong, rich colors. Tempura is a ground color that is mixed with egg yolk. The technique that was used was called Frescos. Leonardo liked to taking his time working so this is why Leonardo did not use frescos. He should have used this one because the other one only lasted for 20 years and was ruined.

How many painting did Leonardo finish in his lifetime and how many survived

25 in his life and 10 survived

Name the sculptor who took apart many of Leonardo's notebooks in order to reassemble them according to their subject matter.

Pompeo Leoni was the sculptor who took apart many of Leonardo's notebooks in order to reassemble them according to their subject matter.

What is the law called which states that moving bodies continue to move as long as no force acts to change their motion?

The law of inertia

In connection with the construction of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, which specific part of the construction was delegated to Verrocchio's workshop (and thus got Leonardo's involvement)?

Verrocchoius workshop had been entrusted with the task of placing the heavy spear of gidedup copped atop the dome

What are two examples of the "derivative" quality of Leonardo's mechanical drawings?

Flying machines
Underwater machines

What did Leonardo believe to be the "four powers" at the foundation of a mechanical understanding of the world?

Movement
Weight
Force
Percussion

Why did Leonardo believe in the value of a mechanical investigation of the human body?

He believed in the value of mechanical investigation of the human body because "force can not exist in bodies without either force or weight together with movement."

How many separate dissections did Leonardo believe were necessary to have a complete knowledge of the human body?

15 dissections

What subject did Leonardo probably write about in his notebooks more than any other?

Water

Where did Shakespeare go to college

He didn't

How do we know the Shakespeare had become an actor

Because of Robert greens pamphlet

Why did Shakespeare seem to focus more attention to white poetry then writing plays

Because of the plague. People could not go see them so he thought that he could make money writing poems

Who was the English clergymen and schoolmaster who published a 1598 book praising Shakespeare as the leading English playwrite.

Francis Meres

What was the name of the theatre at which Shakespeares acting company performed during the winter

Blackfriars theatre

Who was Shakespeare's last direct descendant

His granddaughter Elizabeth

How did the war of Roses get there name

The Wars of the Roses take their name from the color of the roses—red for Lancaster and white for York—that each house supposedly used as their emblem

Why did Shakespeare's tragedy and history plays also include comic scenes

- Had to include all of the actors in the company

Where are the original manuscripts of Shakespeare's kept today

There are none left that we know

How did Elizabeth citizens define "astrology"

the belief that the position and movement of the stars can foretell and influence events on the earthy- was more important tat it is today

What four "humours" did the body contain

• Black bile
• Phlegm
• Blood
• Chole

Why was it against the law to kill large birds in Elizabethan London?

Because they were needed to devour the filth and rubbish in the streets

How many local churches existed within the City of London during the Elizabethan era

- 97 total churches

Why were many theatres built outside the city limits of London?

Since the puritans put strict laws so the common people would not waste their praying time with theatre.