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What is the formula for converting between original and goal units?

Original unit X Conversion Factor = Goal unit

What is the process of calculating significant figures?

Determining the number of digits that are reliable in a measurement

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to how close multiple measurements are to each other

What is unit analysis?

A method of converting between units by canceling out unwanted units

What is the correct way to round to significant figures?

Round to the nearest value that preserves the correct number of significant figures

What is the rule for rounding 5 to the nearest even number?

Round 5 to the nearest even number

What are the metric prefixes for mega, kilo, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, and pico?

Mega (M)

What are the exceptions to electron configurations?

Copper family (s2d9

What are transition metal ions?

Ions formed by transition metals that have different electron configurations than their neutral atoms

What are electron diagrams?

Diagrams that show the arrangement of electrons in an atom or ion

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

The range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

What is the formula for wavelength?

λν = c, where λ is wavelength, ν is frequency, and c is the speed of light

What is the relationship between mass and energy?

Mass and energy are interchangeable according to Einstein's theory of relativity

What is the concept of quantized energy?

Energy can only exist in discrete amounts or levels

What is the photoelectric effect?

The phenomenon where shining light on a material causes electrons to be emitted

What is the difference between a line spectrum and a continuous spectrum?

A line spectrum consists of discrete lines of specific wavelengths, while a continuous spectrum contains all wavelengths of light

What are ground states and excited states?

Ground states are the lowest energy states of an atom, while excited states have higher energy levels

Who proposed the concept of matter consisting of particles and energy in the form of waves?

Planck's theory proposed the concept of quantized energy, while Einstein's theory explained the photoelectric effect

What is the dual nature of light?

Light exhibits both wave

How are energy levels, sublevels, orbitals, and electrons related?

Energy levels contain sublevels, which contain orbitals, and each orbital can hold up to 2 electrons

What is the formula for the total number of electrons in an energy level?

2n^2, where n is the principal quantum number

What are the principles used in orbital diagrams?

Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and Pauli exclusion principle

What is the aufbau principle?

Electrons are added one at a time, starting from the lowest energy level

What is Hund's rule?

Electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy level singly before pairing up

What is the Pauli exclusion principle?

Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spins

Hund's Rule

Electrons unpaired first, then paired together

Diagonal rule

Filling electrons in order

Pauli Exclusion principle

2 electrons per orbital, opposite spin

Shielding effect

Inner electrons shield outer electrons from nucleus

Coulombic Attraction

Weaker in groups, stronger in periods

Atomic Radius

Distance from nucleus to outermost electron(s)

Ionization Energy

Energy required to make an atom lose an electron

Electronegativity

Weaker in groups, stronger in periods

Metallic Character

Tendency to behave like a metal

Ionic Radii

Size of an ion, depending on electrons gained or lost

Size of Cations

Smaller than atom due to higher p:e ratio

Size of Anion

Larger than atom due to more electrons and less pull

Electron Affinity

Energy change when atom gains an electron

Exceptions for Electron Affinity

Noble gases have positive affinity

POGILS

Electron Energy & Light, Periodic Trends, Coulombic Attraction

Sig Figs

Rules for determining significant figures

Scientific Notation

Expressing numbers as a coefficient and power of 10

Unit Analysis

Analyzing units to ensure consistency

Rules for sig figs

All non

Rules for determining sig figs

Zeros between nonzero digits are significant

Zeros that place decimal point

Not significant

What is the significance of zeros to the right of nonzero digits?

Not significant unless there is a decimal point or bar.

What is the significance of zeros to the right of a decimal point, but to the left of a nonzero digit?

Not significant.

What is the significance of zeros to the right of a decimal point and after a nonzero digit?

Significant.

What does placing a bar over a number signify?

Signifies how significant the number is.

What is the difference between precision and accuracy?

Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the target, while precision is how close multiple measurements are to each other.

What is the formula for percent error?

% error = ((Experimental

What is the formula for percent yield?

% yield = (Experimental / Theoretical) * 100.

What is the definition of precision for multiple measurements?

How close the measurements are to each other.

What is the definition of precision for a single measurement?

Related to the number of significant figures.

What is unit/dimensional analysis?

A method of converting units using conversion factors.

What should be the final units in a conversion?

Units should be in the numerator.

How do you determine the significant figures of a given value?

Do not take into account conversion factors.

What is the topic of Chapter 6?

Electron Configurations and Periodic Trends.

What is the EM Spectrum?

The range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

What is the history of atoms?

The study of atoms and their properties throughout history.

What is the quantum

mechanical atom model?

Who is DeBroglie?

A scientist who proposed that electrons are like waves.

What happens at nodes in the electron wave model?

There are no electrons at nodes.

Who is Schrödinger?

A scientist who developed the wave equation to describe the behavior of electrons.

Who is Heisenberg?

A scientist who proposed the uncertainty principle.

What is the uncertainty principle?

The more we know about a particle's position, the less we know about its momentum and vice versa.

What do darker areas in the electron wave model signify?

Higher probability of finding electrons.

What are the three main characteristics of waves?

Wavelength, frequency, and speed.

What is the formula for wavelength?

Wavelength (λ) = nm (1nm = 10^

What is the formula for frequency?

Frequency (v or mu).

How are wavelength and frequency related?

As wavelength increases, frequency decreases (indirectly proportional).

What is the speed of light?

Speed of Light (c) = 3.0 * 10^8 m/s.

What is Planck's theory?

The idea that energy is quantized into discrete packets called quanta.

What is Einstein's theory?

The photoelectric effect, which supports the idea of quantized energy levels in atoms.

What is light made of?

Photons

What is the dual nature of light?

Particle and wave characteristics

What are line spectrums?

Unique to each element, caused by energy level jumps

How many electrons and orbitals are in the s sublevel?

2 electrons, 1 orbital

How many electrons and orbitals are in the p sublevel?

6 electrons, 3 orbitals

How many electrons and orbitals are in the d sublevel?

10 electrons, 5 orbitals

How many electrons and orbitals are in the f sublevel?

14 electrons, 7 orbitals

What is the maximum number of electrons per energy level?

2n^2

What is the principal quantum number?

n

What is the maximum number of orbitals per energy level?

n^2

What is the long way to write electron configuration?

(n)s, (n)p, (n

What is the short way to write electron configuration?

(n)s, (n)p, (n

What is the Pauli exclusion principle?

Opposite spins in same orbital

What is the Aufbau principle?

Fill each (sub)level in order 1 electron at a time

What is Hund's rule?

Go to empty orbitals first

What are the exceptions to Hund's rule?

Chromium group (s1d5), Copper group (s1d10)

What is the general trend for electron affinity across a period?

Increases

What is the general trend for electron affinity down a group?

Decreases

What happens to the size of ions as Coulombic attraction increases?

Size decreases

Why are cations smaller than anions?

Coulombic attraction increases for cations

What is metallic character?

Tendency to behave like a metal

What happens to metallic character across a period?

Decreases

What happens to metallic character down a group?

Increases

What is the relationship between wavelength and energy?

Longer wavelength = less energy, shorter wavelength = more energy

What is the definition of Coulombic Attraction?

Attraction between charged particles in an atom.