AP Psych final rev pt 4

motivation

defined as a need or desire that serves to energize or direct behavior

evolutionary theory

animals are mtoivated to act by the basic needs for it to survive

primary reinforcers

things that are needed for survival

secondary drive

the drive to obtain learned reinforcers like money or social acceptance

Olds and Milner

did an experiment where rats would press a bar to send a small electrical pulse into teh center area of their brain called intracranial self simulation.

instinct theory

posits that th learning of species specific behavior motivates organisms to do what is necessary to ensure their survival

arousal theory

the main reason people ar motivated to perform any action is to maintain an ideal level of physiological arousal, mostly moderate arousal but does vary

heroes dodson law

tasks of moderate difficulty hav the highest level of performance too hard can cause giving up and too easy can cause no want to do it

opponent tprocess theory

theory of motivation that is clearly relevant to the concept of addiction, start of at a motivation baseline (no motivation) then have something that feels great which is the motivation and then soon instead of going to baseline we habituate to the stimulus

drive reduction theory

motivation that posits that psychological needs put stress on the body and that we are motivated to reduce this n negative experience

homeostasis

state of regulatory equilibrium

set point

a target point for the body to be at and always revers to this point

hypothalamus

has been identified as an area controlling feeding

ventromedial hypothalamus

sends message to stop eating and exercise more

lateral hypothalamus

too less food so one should eat more and exercise less

leptin

plays a role in the feedback loop between signals from hypothalamus and those from the stomach, stops ethe eating

blood glucose/glucostatic hypothesis

glucose is the primary fuel of the brain and most other rorgans

insulin

when this rises, glucose decreases l

lipostatic hypothesis

this theory states that fat is the measure and controlled substance in the body that regulates hunger , uses leptin, fat stored i fairly fixed

anorexia nervosa

eating disorders where people don’t eat

body dysphormia

distorted body image

bulimia disorder

characterized by alternating periods of binging and purging

pituitary gland

the motivation to eat/drink and reproduce stimulates production of androgens and estrogens

Androgens and Estrogens

primary sexual hormones in males and females

instinct

programmed patterns of behavior

Abraham Maslow

propeosed a hierarchal system for organizing needs Lowest - Highest: physiological needs, safety adn security needs, belongingness needs, self esteem needs, and self actualization

intrinsic factors

factors originating from within ourselves as motivation factors

extrinsic factors

external facts from the outside world that motivates one

overjustiifccation efect

intrinsic motivation may decrease as extrinsic motivation starts to be given

self determination

need to feel contempt and in control

self efficacy

the belief that we can or cannot attain a particular goal ac

achievment motivation

the need ot reach realistic goals that we set for ourselves

Henry Murray

individual differences and varying environments can cause motivations and needs ot be expressed in different ways

need for affiliation

like to avoid conflicts and like to be members of groups

cognitive dissonance

people are motivated to reduce tension produced by conflicting thoughts or choices , change patterns to fit their behavioral patterns

Kurt Lewin

classified conflicts into four types

* approach - approach
* avoidance - avoidance
* approach - avoidance

approach - approach

one has to decide between two desirable options

avoidance avoidance

has to decide between two unpleasant alternatives

approach avoidance

only one choice is presented but it has both its plus and minuses

multiple approach avoidance

multiple options are presented which have tier positive and negatives

James Lange theory

environmental stimuli cause physiological changes and response (arousal) and then label of emotion

Cannon Bard theory

stimulis is shown and pshyiological response ot an emotion and experience of emotion occur simultaneously

two factor theory

first is physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal simultaneously and then experience of emotions

Paul Ekman

observed facial expressions from variety of cultures and pointed out that regardless of where a person is from their expression means is almost identical

facial feedback hypothesis

idea tha persons facial expression can influence the actual emotion being experienced

flashback

a recollection of an experience

prefrontal cortex

critical for emotion al experience and important in temperament and decision making

autonomic nervous system

responsible for controlling the activities of most of the organs and glands and it control sarousal

sympathetic nervous system

provides the body with brief, intense vigorous responses, fight or fligth system

parasympathetic nervous system

provides signals to internal organs during a calm resting state when no crisis is present

stress

cause a aprons to feel challenged or endangered

stressors

events that causeee stress

transient

stressors that are temporary challenges

chronic

can have a negative impact on ones health

Walter Cannon/Hans Seyle

developed general adaptation syndrome

general adaptation syndrome

physiologic response to stress stages

* alarm
* resistance
* exhaustion

alarm

refers to the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in teh realize of various stimulatory hormones

corticosterone

used as a physiological index of stress

resistance

result of parasympathetic rebound, reduce arousal state

exhausation

body resources are exhausted and tissue cannot be reparied

Richard Lazarus

developed a cognitive theory of how we respond ot stress, individual evaluates where the event appears to be stressful

Type A pattern

typified by competitiveness, send of time urgency, ange rand hostility

Type B pattern

low level of competitvents, low preoccupation with time issues and general easy going attitude

personality

defined as a persons enduring general style of dealing with others adn with the world around them

psychodynamic

a psychological approach based on marriage of Freudian concepts, such as unconscious with more modern ideas

free association

a therapist actively listens who le the patient realizes and reports anything that come to his mind no matter how absurd

id

source of mental energy and drive, operates on pleasure principle

pleasure principle

the desire to maximize pleasure while minimize pain (devil)

superego

internal representation of all of society’s rules, moral and obligation (angel)

ego

allows a person to function in the environment and be logical , reality principle

reality principle

set of desire that can be satisfied on i the means to satisfy them exists and is available

repression

the process by which memories or desires provoke too much anxiety to deal with are pushed into teh unconscious

displacement

directs anger away from the source of the anger to a els threatening person or object

reaction formation

the ego reverses the direction of a disturbing desire the make that desire safer or more socially acceptable

compensation

making up for failures in one area through success in others

rationalization

creating logical excuses for emotional/irrational behavior

regression

reverting to childish behaviors

denial

the refusal to acknowledge or accept unwanted beliefs or actions

sublimation

the channeling or redirecting of sexual or aggressive feelings into a socially acceptable outlet

karen honrey

pointed out inherent male bias in Fred’s work, developed theory of personality based on need for security

basic anxiety

the feeling of being alone in an unfamiliar or hostile world is the central theme in childhood

Carl Jung

believed the mind comprises pairs of opposing forces, persona and shadow; anima, animus; personal unconscious, collective unconscious

persona

the mask the person presents to the outside world

shadow

deep, passionate inner person

anima

a female side

animus

male side

self

a force that balances the forces and desires of the mind

personal unconscoius

comprised o f repressed mémoires and clusters of thought

collective unconscious

beahavior and memory common to all humans passed down from common ancestors

archetypes

behaviors and memories in teh collective unconscious

alfred adler

teh childhood is a crucial formative period, develop feelings of inferiority based on size and level of competence, people spend all their life trying to get over their inferiority complex

inferiority complex

failure to make accommodations to lifestyle based on alfred adler develops this

humanistic

emphasize the uniqueness and richness of being humans, fours on subjective reality and mental events

self actualization

most important in humanistic theories, becoming in a creative way the person you are capable ot being

Carl Rogeres

believed that th self constitutes the most important aspect of personality s

self concept

mental representation fo who we feel we truly are

incongruence

discrepancies with self concept and our actual thoughts and behavior, as well as feedback from our surroundings

conditions of worth

other people’s evaluation of our worth, would distort our self concept

unconditional positive regard

no matter what should be loved despite failures

social cognitive theories of personality

based on assumption that cognitive constructs are the basis for personality