Lecture 1-12

M1 stimulation

twitches, move on the contralateral side of body

precentral region

important for motor control

S1 stimulation

sensations on contralateral side of body

post-central gyrus

important for touch→ somatosensory cortex

lateral

towards side or outside

medial

towards midline

anterior/rostral

frontal lobe direction

posterior/caudal

occipital lobe direction

superior/dorsal

top of brain

inferior/ventral

bottom of brain

coronal/frontal

horizontal/axial

sagittal

brain structure

-2 hemispheres

grey matter

white matter

CSF

-Cerebellum

grey matter

density of cell bodies of neurons

white matter

myelin sheath: enhance condunction of electrical signal

central sulcus

separate frontal and parietal lobe

parieto-occipital sulcus

separate parietal and occipital lobe

sylvian sulcus

separates frontal and temporal lobe

pre occipital notch

separates occipital and temporal lobe

occipital lobe structure

primary visual cortex

secondary visual area

associative visual area

occipital lobe function

processing of visual information

primary visual cortex

V1

BA 17

secondary visual area

V2

BA: 18

associative visual areas

V3, V4, V5(MT)

BA 19

cuneus

located in occipital, ventro-caudal to parieto-occipital sulcus

temporal lobe functions

auditory process

wernicke’s area: speech comprehension

ventral stream of vision: what

hippocampus: memory

temporal lobe structure

primary auditory area

secondary auditory area

posterior temporal

primary auditory area

BA 41, 42

secondary auditory area

BA 22

Temporal lobe sulci

• superior temporal sulcus (STS)

• inferior temporal sulcus (ITS)

• occipital-temporal sulcus

• collateral sulcus

• hippocampal sulcus

Temporal Gyri

superior temporal gyrus (STG)

medium temporal gyrus (MTG)

inferior temporal gyrus (ITG)

superior temporal sulcus (STS)

separates STG and MTG

inferior temporal sulcus (ITS)

separates MTG and ITG

occipito-temporal sulcus

separates inferior and temporal lobe form fusiform gyrus

parahippocampal gyrus

medial surface

• posterior part

• anterior part

• piriform cortex

parahippocampal posterior part

parahippocampal cortex

parahippocampal anterior part

entorhinal cortex

parahippocampal piriform cortex

sense of smell

parietal lobe functions

• somatosensory cortex (S1)

• posterior parietal cortex

parietal lobe sulci

post central sulcus

intraparietal sulcus

parietal lobe gyri

supramarginal gyrus

angular gyrus

parietal lobe functions

sensory info

spatial functions

language

dorsal stream vision: where

multi sensory integration

intraparietal sulcus

separate superior and inferior lobules

supramarginal gyrus

located caudal to post central sulcus in IPL

angular gyrus

located caudal to supramarginal gyrus in IPL

area 3

basic sensory information

area 1

vibrations/texture

area 2

size/shapes

frontal lobe structure

motor cortex

prefrontal cortex

orbitofrontal cortex

frontal lobe functions

language

epoptic processing

executive functions

reasoning and emotional processing

frontal lobe sulcus

central sulcus

precentral sulcus

superior and inferior prefrontal sulcus

inferior frontal sulcus

superior frontal sulcus

frontal lobe gyri

precentral gyrus

postcentral gyrus

inferior frontal gyrus

middle frontal gyrus

superior frontal gyrus

motor cortex

motor control→ precentral gyrus

• primary motor cortex M1

• premotor cortex

primary motor cortex

area 4

premotor cortex

area 6

speech production area

area 44, 45 in Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG)

epoptic processing

monitoring: keep information online in working memory

executive functions

- temporal organization of goal-directed actions

- attention, planning, organization, decision making

central sulcus

splits frontal lobe and parietal lobe

• precentral gyrus

• postcentral gyrus

precentral sulcus

separates prefrontal and motor cortex

superior and inferior prefrontal sulcus

superior and inferior prefrontal sulcus

IFG

MFG

SFG

inferior frontal gyrus

separated into 3 further areas

• pars opercularis

• pars trinagularis

• pars orbitalis

inferior frontal sulcus

separates IFG and MFG

superior frontal sulcus

separates MFG and SFG

anterior ascending ramus

separates TRI and OPER

horizontal ramus of lateral fissure

separates pars triangularis and pars orbitalis

Insula Cortex

frontal operculum

parietal operculum

temporal operculum

insula cortex functions

gustatory cortex

socio-emotional

introspection

cognitive

limbic cortex

emotional brain

surrounds corpus callosum and subcritical structures

involved in behavioral and emotional responses, survival

limbic cortex structure

cingulate cortex

parahippocampal gyrus

hippocampus

amygdala

thalamus

basal ganglia

group of subcortical nuclei

basal ganglia structure

striatum

amygdala

nucleus accumbent

striatum

• involved in initiation and regulation of movements: muscle tone, posture, involuntary movements, motor learning

striatum structure

putamen and caudate nucleus

globus pallidus

nucleus accumbens

• pleasure, reward system, motor functions

thalamus

• information from environment first goes to thalamus-> relay for sensory information

thalamus exception

• olfaction-> goes directly to primary olfactory area: Piriform Cortex

• can be divided in several nuclei with distinct outputs and inputs

first order nuclei

lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN)

medial geniculate nuclei (MGN)

ventroposterior nuclei

lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN)

visual relay

medial geniculate nuclei (LGN)

auditory relay

ventro posterior nuclei

relays sensory information from body

higher order nuclei

- role in higher order cognitive functions and network regulation involving prefrontal cortex

- involved in learning and memory processes

cerebellum

• Involved in production of movement

• balance, posture, coordination

• motor learning

brain stem

• Controls centers for autonomic vital functions

• Vital functions such as breathing, heart beat, sleeping, blood pressure

• Connects brain to spinal cord

brain stem structure

midbrain

pons

medulla

parietal brodmann area

- BA 40, 39 = SMG, ANG

- BA 1, 2, 3 = somatosensory

temporal brodmann area

- BA 41-42, 22 = auditory

occipital brodmann area

- BA 17-18-19 = visual

frontal brodmann area

- BA 4, 6 = motor

- BA 44, 45 (Broca) = Pars Oper, Pars

brain tumors

• Cancerous growth inside brain

• meningioma and glioma

meningioma

tumor from meninges 

(membranes that envelop brain)

glioma

tumor from glial cells

stroke

• Interruption of blood supply in an area of the brain

• ischemic and hemorrhagic

ischemic stroke

- obstruction by blood clot

- blood flow cut-off in that brain area (local)

hemorrhagic stroke

- sometimes defect in membrane thickness of blood vessels causes aneurysm

- can burst: bleeding inside brain

middle cerebral artery

- covers most of lateral surface of brain (frontal, parietal, almost all 

temporal)

- lots of branches, along sylvian, upper vs lower division

anterior cerebral artery

- middle surface-> upper part of brain, frontal and parietal lobe

- middle surface of frontal and parietal lobe

posterior cerebral artery

- middle surface of temporal lobe and almost all occipital lobe

hypoxic brain damage

• Brain injuries that form due to restriction on oxygen being supplied to brain (anoxic)

• causes: cardiac arrest, smoke inhalation, carbon monoxide poisoning

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

- sudden damage to brain caused by violent blow or jolt to head

focal TBI

penetrating wound, open fracture, laceration, hematoma, contusion