Earthquake Final

good luck

Look at the map below and identify the different segments of the San Andreas fault. Which fault segment is creeping?

B

Which fault segment in the above figure creates relatively periodic M6.0 earthquakes every ~20 years?

idk

Which fault segment ruptured during the great San Francisco earthquake in 1906?

A

What was the magnitude of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake rupture?

7.9

Several geomorphological features are characteristic for continental strike-slip faults. Which of the following features can be observed along the San Andreas fault? (Multiple answers are possible).

Pressure ridges, Sag ponds, Offset drainage channels

What is the approximate offset of the drainage channel in the following picture?

100 m

What is the sense of motion along the fault in the above picture?

right lateral strike slip

What is the name of fault A?

Hayward

What is the name of fault B?

Calaveras

What is the name of fault C?

San Andreas

What is a fault?

fracture between two blocks of rocks

What is a dip?

the angle of the fault

What is a creep?

very slow earthquake

Which directions are strike-slips?

left lateral and right lateral

What direction is a normal fault?

down

What direction is a reverse fault?

up

What forms in a divergent boundary?

sag pond

What fault is this?

normal

What fault is this?

strike slip

What fault is this?

reverse/thrust

Which lateral strike slip is this?

left

What type of operation has led to a significant increase in earthquake activity in Oklahoma since 2009?

waste water injection

What is wave A?

surface wave

What is wave B?

p wave

What is wave B?

p wave

What seismic wave has the highest speed?

p wave

What seismic wave has the slowest speed?

surface wave

What prevent the rock from sliding down the hill in the following image:

normal force and friction

Let's assume you want to create an earthquake in the New Madrid seismic zone; Which quantity do you have to increase to create the earthquake?

shear stress

The mass of a boulder sitting on the edge of a cliff is 50 kg. Calculate the gravitational force that the block exerts on the cliff!

Remember that , and g is roughly 10 m/s2. (Force is measured in Newton, 1 N = 1 kg m/s2)

500 N

What is wave B?

s wave

What is wave A?

p wave

The epicentral distance between the earthquake and each station refers to the distance:

along fault strike

The following map shows the co-seismic displacement along the Hayward fault during the Great 1906 earthquake in San Francisco.

false

Basic earthquake locations rely on the following measurements (multiple answers possible):

s and p wave arrivals; seismograph locations; travel time curves;

The _________ is the time at which the earthquake rupture begins, and the hypocenter is the place at which the earthquake rupture begins.

origin time

What was the name of Alfred Wegeners theory before plate tectonics was established?

continental drift

Wegeners theory stated that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted".

What were the three key observations that Wegener used to formulate his hypothesis

Fossil record, Glaciation, Matching Coast Lines

What does the following image show?

mid ocean ridge

What process accommodates efficient mixing of fluids that are heated from below and cooled from above?

convection

What is a seismogram?

the recording of ground shake

What are the three types of active plate boundaries?

convergent, divergent, transform

What is a seismograph?

records motion of earthquake

What are the two types of crust?

oceanic and continental

What faults are at convergent boundaries?

reverse/thrust

What forms at convergent boundaries?

subduction zones

What faults are at divergent boundaries?

normal and strike slip

What forms at divergent boundaries?

oceanic and continental spreading ridges

Where are the largest earthquakes located?

subduction zones

What measurement was used by Charles Richter to derive his magnitude scale?

body wave amplitude

What is the duration magnitude based on?

earthquake duration

Why are there no Magnitude 9 earthquakes on the San Andreas fault?

fault is not wide enough

Moderate shaking and damage (Mercalli Intensity 5) is expected for Magnitude 5 earthquakes.

true

What are the names of three seismic zones in the Central and Eastern United States?

new madrid, eastern tn, south carolina

What is the name of the lake that formed as a result of the 1811/1812 earthquakes?

reelfoot lake

What earthquake generated geological feature is shown in the following picture:

sand blow

What is caused the increase in seismic activity in Oklahoma starting in ~2009?

fluid injection

Name three states that reportedly experienced injection induced seismicity:

texas, kansas, arkansas

What does the spring represent?

elastic deformation around fault

What does the motion of the hand represent?

plate velocity

What does the block represent?

tectonic plate

What does the interface between plate and block represent?

fault

What were the two different modes of sliding that you observed for stiff and compliant springs?

stick slip, stable sliding

Stick-slip motion is a laboratory analogue for tectonic earthquakes?

true

What is the maximum magnitude earthquake that is physically plausible on the San Andreas fault?

8.5

You are sitting on your surfboard off the coast of California, observing the incoming waves.

You estimate that a wave passes you every 2 seconds and the distance between waves is 10 meters.

How fast do these waves travel? (Hint: think about wave period T = 1/f and wavelength, )

As a side note: 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 2.2 mph

5 m/s

What are possible events that generate tsunamis?

landslides; earthquakes; iceberg calving; volcanic eruptions

What type of earthquake produces the biggest Tsunamis?

reverse/thrust

What type of plate boundary commonly produces the largest Tsunamis?

subduction zone

What type of volcano has a largest areal extent?

shield volcano

Volcanic eruptions in Hawaii are commonly magmatic eruptions.

true

What component of eruptive particles and fragments (i.e. Tephra) is most problematic for the aviation industry?

volcanic ash

Stratovolcanoes are the smallest volcanoes.

false

Volcanic sills form when magma intrudes into planes between older strata or rocks. Sills predominately have a _______ orientation.

horizontal

Volcanic dykes form when magma intrudes into upper laters of rock. Dikes mostly have a ______ orientation.

vertical

Which part of the earth is liquid?

outer core

Which way do divergent plates move?

away from each other

Which way do convergent plates move?

toward each other

What is force?

something that pushes or pulls

What is stress?

how much force is felt per area

What is strain?

how much something is deformed

What is a wave?

a disturbance that travels far through a medium

In what order do waves arrive?

p, s, surface

What is amplification?

Amplitude increases as waves pass through loose or unconsolidated sediments

What frame is good for earthquake resistance in residential buildings?

wood frame

What frame is good for earthquake resistance in commercial buildings?

steel frame

What is the most dangerous type of building in an earthquake?

Unreinforced brick, stone (masonry) or adobe buildings

What is paleoseismology?

the study of geological indicators of ancient earthquakes

The bigger the ____, the bigger the earthquake.

slip

What are the two types of volcanoes?

effusive and explosive

Why do some volcanoes erupt
explosively?

Gas makes magma rise and erupt

What is viscosity?

the resistance of a fluid to flow

The more ____ the magma, the more explosive the eruption.

viscous

What is tephra?

ash fall

angle of repose

steepest slope at which loose material will lie without cascading down

What are some triggers for landslides?

rain/groundwater, earthquakes, volcanic activity, construction

Where are shield volcanoes found?

hot spots

Where are strato volcanoes found?

subduction zones

What are cinder cones?

piles of ash

What is a tsunami?

Sea wave(s) triggered by undersea event
that uplifts or downdrops ocean floor