Botany Lab

Quadrat method

For immobile organisms such as plants—or for very small and slow-moving organisms— plots may be used to determine population size and density.

Quadrat Method

Type of Plant Field Survey

Species listing

To provide a working, comprehensive list of known and unknown plant species

Uniform, Random, Clumped

3 types of species distribution

Helianthus annuus

Scientific name of sunflower

Clumped

What type of specie distribution is Elephas maximus

Random

What type of specie distribution is Taraxacum officinale

Protoplasmic Streaming

an energy-consuming event that occurs in plant cells and is used to distribute nutrients in the cytoplasm.

Bonaventura Corti

Italian physicist. He first reported in 1774 the energy-consuming event that occurs in plant cell, he found the flow of cytoplasm when he observed cells of algae Nitella and Chara.

Eyepiece

The lens the viewer looks through to see the specimen. Usually contains a 10X or 15X power lens.

Pillar

It is a U-shaped structure and supports the entire weight of the compound microscope.

Arm

The entire microscope is handled by a strong and curved structure

Stage

The flat and rectangular plate that is connected to the arm’s lower end. The specimen is placed on it for studying and examining the various features. The center of it has a hole through which light can pass.

Diaprahgm

Is fastened below the stage. It controls and adjusts the intensity of light that passes into the microscope

Nose piece

Circular and a rotating metal part that is connected to the body tube’s lower end. Has three holes wherein the objective lenses are embedded.

Body Tube

The upper part of the arm of the microscope comprises a hollow and tubular structure. Can be shifted down and up using the adjustment knobs.

Fine adjustment knob

It is the smaller knob, which is used for sharp and fine focusing of the object. For accurate and sharp focusing, this knob can be used.

Coarse adjustment knob

It is a large knob that is used for moving the body tube down and up for bringing the object to be examined under exact focus.

Mirror

Is found attached wither to the pillar or the lower end of the arm. It consists of a concave mirror on one side and a plain mirror on the other side. It can be used for reflection of light rays into the microscope.

Scanning Objective Lens (4X-40X)

Lens with least amount of power but the greatest field of view of the specimen

Low Power Objective Lens (10X-100X)

Lens that magnifies the specimen up to 10x

High Power Objective Lens (40x-400X)

Lens that magnifies the specimen up to 40x, better view of the parts of the specimen

Oil Immersion Power Objective Lens 100X-1000X)

Lens that provide the most powerful magnification

Chloroplast

the site of photosynthesis. contain green chlorophyll, present in leaf

Leucoplast

colorless plastid

Amyloplast

stores starch

Chromoplast

present in flowers, starch

Amyloplast

Hydrilla verticillata

scientific name of hydrilla

Zea mays

scientific name of corn

Colocasia esculenta

scientific name of gabi

Allium cepa

scientific name of onion

Solanum tuberosum

scientific name of potato

Lycopersicon esculentum

scientific name of tomato

Chromoplast

Mayana and San Francisco leaf contains ..?

• Calcium

• Magnesium

• Sulfur

• Phosphorus

• Iron

• Potassium

Crystals can be tested for:

Raphide

needle-like crystal

Rosette

flower-like crystal

Prismatic

flower-like crystal

• age

• light

• pH value

• temperature

• viscosity

What are the 5 factors affecting cyclosis

Age - oldest

• a factor affecting protoplasmic streaming

• what age contains more chloroplast

Moderate light

• a factor affecting protoplasmic streaming

• what type of light is needed

neutral

• a factor affecting protoplasmic streaming

• what pH value is needed

30 - 80 degrees

• a factor affecting protoplasmic streaming

• what temperature is needed

Cytochalisin D

fungal products that bind to the plus end of actin filaments, block cytoplasmic streaming

Dr. Nathaniel Ward

The first who made the terrarium

• Drainage layer,

• Substrate layer,

• Hardscape

3 layers of terrarium

Bryophyte

nonvascular seedless plant, (no roots) group name for mosses, liverworts and hornworts

Pteridophyte

vascular plant (with xylem and phloem), ferns

earth

Latin meaning of terrarium

• TERA - ?

place / receptacle

Latin meaning of terrarium

• ARIUM - ?

“The Growth of Plants Without Open Exposure to Air”

Published by the first man who made terrarium (paper)

“On the growth of plants in closed glazed glass”

Published by the first man who made terrarium (book)

Pteridomania

Fern fever

Dish garden

New way of using terrarium, made in japan

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Meaning of DNA

• Double-stranded chemical polymer

• Double-helix structure

• Chain of alternating ribose and phosphate molecules

Describe DNA

Watson & Crick (Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins )

Scientists who found DNA

G1 Phase

• Cells increase in size

• Cellular contents are duplicated

The Cell Cycle

What does cell do in G1 phase

Resting phase

The Cell Cycle

What does cell do in G0 phase

S phase

• DNA replication

• Each of the chromosomes is replicated by the cell

The Cell Cycle

What does cell do in S phase

G2 phase

• Cells grow more

• Organelles and proteins develop in preparation for cell division

The Cell Cycle

What does cell do in G2 phase

M phase

• Mitosis followed by cytokinesis

• Formation of two identical daughter cells

The Cell Cycle

What does cell do in M phase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

4 Mitotic Stages

Prophase

• Mitotic spindle begins to form

• Kinetochores begin to mature and attach to

  the spindle fibers

Metaphase

Kinetochores attach chromosomes to the mitotic

spindle and aligns them along metaphase plate at the equator of the cell

Anaphase

• Occurs rapidly

• Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by the kinetochore fibers

Telophase

• Sister chromatids at opposite poles

• Spindle disassembles

• Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids

• Nucleolus reappears

• Cytokinesis occurs

• Chromosomes reappear as chromatin

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm

Division of cell into two, identical halves called

‘daughter cells’

Epidermis

a protective tissue that covers the entire surface of the plant

Meristematic Tissue

cells or group of cells that have the ability to divide

Apical meristem

These meristems are located on the tip of the root, stem etc. They help in the growth of the root system as well as the shoot system

Lateral Meristem

Outward expansion of plants

Mechanical / Ground Tissue

synthesizes organic compounds, supports the plants and provides storage for plants

Parenchyma

most abundant of all cell types found in almost all major parts of higher cells

Chlorenchyma

Type of parenchyma. It is responsible for storing chlorophyll.

Aerenchyma

air spaces, facilitate gas exchange

Collenchyma

relatively long, with non-lignified primary walls which allows them to stretch

Sclerenchyma

thick, lignified cell walls

Stomata / Stoma

microscopic pore on the surface (epidermis) of land plants

Guard cells

pair of specialized plants

• Gabi (colocasia esculenta)

• Leucoplast

scientific name and what does it contain

• Hydrilla Verticillata

• Contains chroloplast

scientific name and what does it contain

• Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

• Leucoplast

scientific name and what does it contain

• Corn (zea mays)

• leucoplast

scientific name and what does it contain

• Mayana Leaf (Coleus scutellariodes)

• Chromoplast

scientific name and what does it contain

• Tomato (lycopersicon esculentum)

• chromoplast

scientific name and what does it contain

• San francisco leaf

• Chromoplast

name and what does it contain

Gymnosperm (Pinus Needle)

Pteridophytes

Selaginella strobilus l.s

Aristolochia young stem

Stomata

Guard cells

Onion Root Tip

PMAT

Pteridophyte

Lycopodium strobilus

Monocot Corn l.s stem

Monocot corn root

Dicot stem

Helianthus stem

Trichomes

Glandular muntigia calabura

Marchantia young sporophyte

Moss Mnium Antheridia