Unit 3 Aos 1 Part b

Substance is burnt and resulting smoke is inhaled and absorbed into the bloodstream

Smoking

- CVD
- Cancer
- Prental/infant health outcomes
- Asthma
- Respiratory disease
- Infectious disease

Risks of Smoking

- Tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, contributing to increased blood pressure and heart rate.
- Increased blood pressure and heart rate are underlying factors of CVD, increasing the chance of developing CVD from smoking.

Smoking and CVD

- Tobacco smoke can cause a fault in body cells as they divide.
- Leading to a tumour and ultimately cancer.

Smoking and cancer

- Tobacco use during pregnancy reduces blood flow to the baby, reducing the amount of nutrients available for optimal development
- This increases the risk of low birth weight, making unborn babies more susteptible to infection and premature death.

Smoking and prenatal/infant health outcomes

- Asthma causes the muscles in the airways to become tight, swollen and inflamed. Making it difficult to breathe.
- This increases the risk of an asthma attack for those who smoke as the symptoms are more difficult to control

Smoking and asthma

- Tobacco smoke causes inflammation of the airways and destroys the air sacs in the lungs, where gas exchange occurs.
- Damaged airways can lead to repiratory conditions such as COPD.

Smoking and respiratory disease

- Exposure to tobacco smoke can lower the immune function
- Increasing the risk of obtaining infectious diseases such a pneumonia

Smoking and infectious disease

- High BMI
- Cancer
- Liver disease
- Mental health issues
- Injuries
- Prenatal/infant health outcomes

Risks of Alcohol

- Alcohol contains kilojoules and therefore energy
- If a lot of alcohol is consumed, this can increase the chances of an individual gaining weight, leading them to become overweight or obese.

Alcohol and high BMI

- The amount of alcohol a person drinks, increases their risk of cancer.
- It increases the risk of mouth, throat, stomach, bowel, liver and breast cancer.

Alcohol and cancer

- Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause scarring of the liver tissue, which can lead to the liver not functioning properly and toxins remaining in the body.
- This can lead to liver diseases such as cirrhosis.

Alcohol and liver disease

- People with depressive symptoms are more likely to misuse alcohol and develop alcohol dependence.
- This can cause mental health issues such as greater risk of suicide and self inflicted injuries.

Alcohol and mental health issues

- Those under the influence are more likely to act impulsively and take risks such as drink driving and displaying aggression.
- This can lead to increased injuries or death.

Alcohol and injuries

- Consuming alcohol whilst pregnant increases the risk of premature birth and low birth weight for a baby.
- This can increase the risks of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Alcohol and prental/infant health outcomes

A tool that can give you an idea if you are a healthy weight for your height.

BMI

- Under 18.5 \= underweight
- 18.6-24.9 \= healthy weight
- 25-29.9 \= overweight
- 30 and over \= obese

BMI Classification

- CVD
- Cancer
- Type 2 diabetes
- Arthritis and osteoparosis
- Asthma
- Mental health issues
- Maternal health conditions

Risks of high BMI

- High BMI usually means there is greater strain on the heart, which increases risk of hypertension and levels of cholesterol in the blood.
- Increasing the rate of cardiovascular disease.

High BMI and CVD

- High body mass is associated with higher risks of cancer
- Including colorectal and breast cancer

High BMI and cancer

- High BMI causes increased levels of fatty acids and inflamation, leading to insulin resistance.
- This further leads to type 2 diabetes

High BMI and type 2 diabetes

- High BMI puts more pressure on joints, which can increase the chances of developing arthritis and osteoporosis.

High BMI and arthritis and osteoparosis

- Excess weight around the chest and abdomen might constrict the lungs and make it harder to breathe.
- Increasing the risk of an asthma attack

High BMI and asthma

- Having a high BMI can contribute to anxiety and depression and develop and low self esteem
- Impacting an individuals mental health and wellbeing

High BMI and mental health issues

- Pregnant women with a high BMI are more susceptible to a range of pregnancy-related conditions.
- Such as high blood pressure and gestational diabetes.

High BMI and maternal health conditions

Foods that contain a large amount of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals

Nutrient dense

Foods that contain significant amounts of fats, carbohydrates and protein, therefore contributing to large amounts of energy to diet.

Energy dense

Compounds in foods that neutralise free radicals

Antioxidants

Molecules formed when oxygen is metabolised. Free radicals can damage healthy body cells and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Free radicals

- High BMI
- Cardiovascular disease and cancer
- Neural tube defects

Risk of underconsumption of vegetables

- Vegetables are high in fibre and nutrients
- Not consuming these foods and consuming foods that are more energy dense can increase risks of becoming obese.

Underconsumption of vegetables and high BMI

- Vegetables are a source of antioxidants, which work to reduce the impact of free radicals in the body.
- Not having enough antioxidants can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Underconsumption of vegetables and CVD and cancer

- Nutrients found in vegetables play a role in the development of the brain and spinal cord during the prenatal stage of the lifespan.
- Underconsumption of vegetables before and during pregnancy increases the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida

Underconsumption of Vegetables and neural tube defects

- High BMI
- CVD, cancers and neural tube defects

Risks of underconsumption of fruit

- People who eat adequate amounts of fruit are likely to feel full for longer and therefore less likely to consume energy dense foods.
- This can reduces the risk of becoming obese

Underconsumption of fruit and high BMI

- Fruits contain relatively high amounts of nutrients and fibre while being low in fat and a good source of antioxidants.
- Having an underconsumption of fruit, can further lead to an increase of cardiovascular disease, cancers and neural tube defects.

Underconsumption of fruit and CVD, cancers and neural tube defects

Animal milk and products created from animal milk, including cheese and yogurt.

Dairy

- Osteoparosis
- CVD
- Colorectal cancer
- Type 2 diabetes
- Dental caries

Risks of underconsumption of dairy

- Main contribution of dairy is the provision of calcium. A mineral essential for strengthening bones and prevention of osteoporosis.

Underconsumption of dairy and osteoparosis

Underconsumption of dairy has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke.

Underconsumption of dairy and CVD

- People who regularly consume more than one serve of dairy products each day have a risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Underconsumption of dairy and colorectal cancer

- Underconsumption of dairy and consuming refined sugars and carbohydrates instead may increase the risk of overweight young adults developing type 2 diabetes.

Underconsumption of dairy and type 2 diabetes

- Under consumption of dairy often means teeth are not strong as they could be.
- Increasing the risk of dental caries.

Underconsumotion of dairy and dental caries

Healthy:
- Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

Unhealthy:
- Saturated and trans

Types of fat

- High BMI
- CVD
- Type 2 diabetes
- Colorectal cancer

Risks of Fat

- Fat is fuel for energy production. If not used by the body, excess fat is stored as adipose tissue.
- Resulting in overweight/obesity.

Intake of fat and high BMI

- Fat is fuel for energy production. If not used by the body, excess fat is stored as adipose tissue resulting in overweight/obesity.
- Being overweight/obese increases the risk of CVD.

Intake of fat and CVD

- Diets high in saturated and trans fats interfere with the function of cell membranes.
- Increasing the impact of impaired glucose regulation and the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Intake of fat and type 2 diabetes

- Excessive intake of saturated and trans fat can increase the risk of colorectal cancer

Intake of fat and colorectal cancer

- Hypertension
- CVD
- Osteoparosis

Risks of high intake of salt

- High levels of sodium in the body can draw excess fluid out of the cells.
- This increases blood volume and contributes to hypertension

Intake of salt and hypertension

- Increased blood volume and hypertension caused by high levels of sodium, force the heart to work harder.
- Increasing the risk of CVD

Intake of salt and CVD

- Excess sodium causes calcium to be excreted in urine.
- Which can lead to the demineralisation of bones and osteoporosis.

Intake of salt and osteoparosis

- High BMI
- Dental caries and dental disease

Risks of high intake of sugar

- Sugars is fuel for energy production but, if eaten in excess, they are stored as adipose tissue.
- Over time this can lead to weight gain and high BMI.

Intake of sugar and high BMI

- Sugars provide a food source for bacteria in the mouth which produces acids.
- Contributing to dental decay and the development of dental caries

Intake of sugar and dental caries and dental disease

Found in foods such as oats which absorb water.

Soluble fibre

The peels of fruit and vegetables are sources of insoluble fibre and if left in a bowl of water, will not change in texture.

Insuluble fibre

- High BMI
- Colorectal cancer
- CVD
- Type 2 diabetes

Risks of low intake of fibre

- Both types of fibre travel through the digestive system without being absorbed by the body.
- This promotes feelings of fullness, which means that low intake can contribute to overeating and high BMI.

Low intake of fibre and high BMI

- Fibre adds bulk to faeces and assists in keeping the digestive system clean.
- Low intake of fibre is associated with developing colorectal cancer.

Low intake of fibre and colorectal cancer

- In the digestive system, soluble fibre attaches to particles of LDL cholesterol and helps to excrete them.
- As a result, soluble fibre helps to decrease levels of cholesterol in the body and reduces rates of CVD

Low intake of fibre and CVD

- Fibre reduces the absorption of glucose and takes pressure off the pancreas
- Low intake of insoluble fibre increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Low intake of fibre and type 2 diabetes

- Anaemia

Risks of low intake of iron

- Anaemia results from a lack of red blood cells.
- This leads to reduced oxygen flow to the body's organs.
- Not enough iron results in iron deficiency anaemia

Low intake of iron and anaemia

- Body weight
- Blood pressure
- Glucose regulation
- Genetics

Biological factors contributing to the variation between males and females

- Males have a higher body mass contributing to higher rates of hypertension, CVD and type 2 diabetes among males.

Body weight

- Males are more likely to experience hypertension until they are 65-74. From this age group onwards, females are more likely to experience hypertension.
- Contributes to higher rates of CVD and kidney disease among males.

Blood pressure

- Males were more likely to experience impaired glucose regulation than females, with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and kidney disease.

Glucose regulation

- Males tend to store more fat around the abdomen.
- This is associated with greater health risks of CVD.

Genetics

- Unemployment
- SES
- Cultural norms

Sociocultural factors that contribute to the variation between males and females

- Males have traditionally been the breadwinners of the family and many males feel it is their duty to provide material resources for their family.
- An inability to do this can make males feel inadequate and stress, affecting mental health.

Unemployment

- Males employed on a full time basis earn higher incomes on average than females employed full time. As a result, males often have a higher socioeconomic status than females.
- This difference contributes to lower levels of mental and behavioural problems among males.

SES

- Physically laborious jobs increase the risk of injury in the workplace
- Males are more likely to work outside, making their risk to melanoma and skin cancer higher.

Cultural norms

- Work environment

Environmental factors that contibute to the variation between males and females

- Working in an outdoor environment increases exposure to UV rays. Increasing rates of melanoma and skin cancer.
- This could explain the higher rates of melanoma and skin cancer in males.

Work environment

- Body weight
- Blood pressure
- Birth weight

Biological factors that contribute to the variation in indigenous and non-indigenous Australians

- Having a high BMI increases the risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and osteoarthritis.
- Indigenous Australians have higher BMI across all ages.

Body weight

- Hypertention is a risk factor for stroke and heart disease.
- Indigenous Australian's are more likely to suffer from hypertension

Blood pressure

- Maternal tobacco use, nutrition and access to healthcare are significant contributors to those differences.
- Indigenous mothers are more likely to give birth to a baby with low birth weight and that are premature.

Birth weight

- SES
- Unemployment
- Social exclusion
- Food insecurity
- Cultural norms
- Early life experiences

Sociocultural factors that contribute to the variation in indigenous and non-indigenous Australians

- Having a poorer education contributes to health literacy. Having a low health literacy increases risk of behaviours such as smoking, dietary risks and sedentary lifestyles. Leading to obesity, type 2 diabates, CVD and lung cancer.
- Indigenous Australians are more likely experience lower SES.

SES

- Those who are unemployed are more likely to live outside of major cities. This can cause a range of risk factors such as smoking and alcohol absuse. Leading to CVD, respiratory diseases, cancers and suicide.
- Indigenous Australians are more likely to be unemloyed as a lot of indigenous live outside major cities.

Unemployment

- Receiving discrimination and racism cause high levels of psychological distress and mental health disorders. This can increase risky behaviours such as tobacco and alcohol use, further leading to CVD, respiratory diseases, cancers and suicide.
- Recieving discrimination and racism is higher for indigenous Australians.

Social exclusion

- Food insecurity result from lower incomes, poorer quality and overcrowded housing, the higher cost of fresh foods and lack of transport. Food insecurity contributes to higher rates of obesity and associated conditions such as type 2 diabetes, kidney disease and CVD.
- Indigenous Australians are more likely to experience food insecurity.

Food insecurity

- Many indigenous people feel Western medicine is culturally inappropriate, and associate hospitals with death. As a result, many conditions go unchecked for extended periods of time. Eg, cancer

Cultural norms

- Early life experiences including tobacco, alcohol and drug use have significant impacts on health status.
- More indigenous women smoked while pregnant, compared to non-indigenous women. This contributes to higher rates of low birth babies

Early life experiences

- Housing
- Water and sanitation
- Access to healthcare services
- Infastructure

Environmental factors that contribute to the variation in indigenous and non indigenous Australians

- The absence of affordable, secure and appropriate housing can result in a number of negative consequences, including homelessness, poor health and wellbeing and lower rates of employment. These issues pose many risks such as increased injury, disease and mental health problems.
- Indigenous are more likely to have inadequate housing.

Housing

- Lack of clean water and sanitation increases the risk of infectious diseases including gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, dysentery and cholera.
- Indigenous Australian's are more likely to not have access to clean water supplies.

Water and sanitation

- Living in remote areas makes it more difficult to access services. As a result, conditions may go undiagnosed or untreated, limiting treatment options.
- The indigenous population has lower levels of access to health services and resources due to the majority of indigenous Australians living in remote areas.

Access to health services

- Living outside of major cities exposes individuals to aspects of the physical environment that can increase the risk of injuries and deaths from road crashes, including unsealed roads and poorer lighting at night.
- Indigenous Australians are more likely to live outside of major cities.

Infastructure

- Body weight
- Blood pressure
- Glucose regulation
- Birth weight

Biological factors contributing to the variation of high and low SES

- Rates of high BMI are higher for those in low socioeconomic status groups. This contributes to CVD and type 2 diabetes.

Body weight

- Rates of hypertension are higher among low socioeconomic status groups. This contributes to higher rates of type 2 diabetes and kidney disease.

Blood pressure

- Rates of impaired glucose regulation are higher among low socioeconomic status groups. This contributes to higher rates of type 2 diabetes and kidney disease.

Glucose regulation

- Women experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage are more likely to give birth to low birth weight babies. This contributes to higher rates of infection and disability among low socioeconomic groups.

Birth weight

- Education and income
- Unemployment
- Social exclusion
- Food insecurity
- Early life experiences
- Access to healthcare
- Neighbourhood safety

Sociocultural factors that conribute to the variation of high and low SES

- People with lower educational achievement, lower incomes and jobs with lower social status influence higher rates of risky behaviours such as unhealthy food intake, smoking and lack of physical activity. Leading to increased obesity and cancer rates.
- People in low socioeconomic status groups have lower educational achievement, lower incomes and jobs with lower social status.

Education and income

- Those who are unemployed are likely to experience poor health status such as mental problems, more sugar consumption, smoking
- People with low socioeconomic status are more likely to be unemployed.

Unemployment