Exam 2 - Smith

This is based on chapter 4,8,7,10

Consciousness

Describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli

What is internal stimuli?

these are the internal body functions and emotions such as pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of your presence.

What is external stimuli?

Involved in experiences with the environments such as seeing the sun, feeling of a room, and familiar voices too.

Sleep

A state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness for a period

wakefulness

a stat characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.

biological ruthm

internal patterns for our biological activities

circadian rythm

an internal clock that takes place over a period of about 24 hours

melatonin

an a hormone that regulates our sleep and wake cycles. It is produced when stimulated by darkness

pineal gland

an gland that releases melatonin.

sleep regulation

switching between sleep and wakefulness

jet lag

occurs when traveling multiple time zones which causes fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomina.

insomnia

the difficulty of falling asleep for at least three nights a week.

sleep debt

accumulation of lack of sleep

sleep rebound

sleep deprived individuals will fall asleep more quickly

Thalamus

regulates slow wave sleeph

hypothalamus

biological clock

pons

involved in rapid eye movement

pituitary gland

secretes hormone's for stimulating the retrodictive system.

evolutionary psychology

the study on how universal patterns and behaviors evolved over time

rapid eye movement

the darting of the eyes under closed eye lids. A period of where dreams occur, paralysis of muscles, and high brain activity.

How many stages of sleep are there?

• Stage 1

• Stage 2

• Stage 3

• Stage 4

• REM

Cognitive behavioral therapy

a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors.

Sleep walking

performing complex motor functions as if they were awake. It is treated with benzodiazepines

REM Sleep behavior disorder

When the subject muscles are not paralyzed and REM does not occur, causing monkey like behaviors.

Night terrors

sense of panic that is accompanied by screams and attempts to escape environment. subject has no memories of the event.

Sleep apnea

when the sleeper stops breathing for a period of time, associated with loud snoring. Treated with a CPAP.

Sudden infant death syndrome

when an infant stop breathing during sleep and die.

narcolepsy

the case where someone cannot resist falling asleep at inappropriate times. Usually cases by states of excitement or stress.

Physical dependence

changes in normal body functions that the user will experience withdrawal from drugs upon cessation of use.

Psychological dependence

an emotional change that their desire for drugs increase which may result in relapse

Tolerance

when a person requires more and more drugs. to achieve effects previously experienced.

withdrawal

a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued.

depressant

a drug that tend to suppress overall central nervous system activity.

euphoric high

a feeling of intense pleasure, especially those who take drugs intravaneously.

Ecstasy or MDMA

a stimulant with perception altering effects

Caffeine

a stimulant commonly used around the world, addictive but not that powerful.

nicotine

an addictive drug that is mainly in tabaco products.

opioid

drugs that can decrease pain

opiates

natural opioids that are derivatives of opium

Memory

a processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over periods of time.

Acquisition (encoding)

transforming what we perceive, think, feel into an existing memory.

automatic processing

the encoding of time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

effortful processing

Requires work and attention on your part in order to encode the information.

What are the 3 different types of encoding?

• sematic

• visual

• acoustic

Sematic encoding

categorization of words and their meaning.

Visual encoding

categorization of pictures

acoustic encoding

categorization of sound.

Storage

the creation of permanent record of information.

Sensory memory

The storage of stimuli, but most are discarded. However if its valuable to our memory, then it is stored.

Short term Memory

temporary storage of memory that processes sensory information and connects it to long term memory.

rehearsal

Repeat and practice information that will be moved to long term memory

memory trace decay

memory recall becomes less activated overtime, and the information if forgotten.

proactive interference

previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information.

Long term memroy

continuous storage of information, but the information is organized into concepts.

Explicit memories

memories we try to consciously remeber

episoidic memory

information about events we have personally experienced

semantic memory

knowledge about words, concepts, language, and facts.

implicit memory

long term memories that are not part of our consciousness. A background program.

Procedural memory

study of observable behavior

Retrieval

the act of getting information's out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness.

recall

access information without cuesr

recognition

identify information you have previously learned after encounter.

Relearning

learning information that you previously learned.

Hallucinogens

a sensation or perception that is not connected to the physical reality. Feeling, hearing, or seeing something that is not there.

Displacement

putting into short term memory then soon forgetting because of new informaiton.

Pattern recognition

comparing information form long term to short term and recognize the information.

chuck

grouping words together to make easier to recall.

events

something meaningful happened

facts

meaning of information is stored

How can forgetting occur?

• time

• lack of practice

• learning failure

• emotional trauma

• retrieval failure

• stress

• distortion

What are the different types of amnesia?

• psychogenic

• organic

• retrograde

• anterograde

Psychogenic amnesia

emotional trauma

organic amnesia

physical trauma

retrograde amenisa

forgetting events close to the traumatic event, but can recall older memories.

anterograde amnesia

you can remember things before the traumatic event, but you cannot create memories after that event.

construction

the formation of new memories

reconstructions

the process of brining up old memories

suggesitibility

the creation of false memories due to outside information

false memory syndrome

creating false memories of your life

forgetting

loss of information or the failure of encoding

Transience

unused memories can fade overtime

absentmindeness

lapses in memories caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

blocking

you cannot access the stored information

misattribution

happens when you confuse the source of your information's

bias

feelings and view of the world can distort your memory of past events

stereotypical bias

involves racial and gender bias

egocentric bias

involves enhancing our memories of the past

hindsight bias

happens when we think an outcome was inevitable after the fact

persistence

when an events loops in your head repeatedly and it interferes with your behavior.

proactive interference

when old information hinders the recall of newly learned informaiton

retroactive interference

when information's learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.

chunking

organizing infomration into manageble bits or chuncks

elaborative rehersal

you think about the meaning of new information to the knowledge you already know.

mnemonic device

a memory device that helps us organize information for encoding.

Algorithm

step by step set of rules used to solve a problem

analytic intelligence

aligned with academic problem solving and computation

artificial concept

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics.

availability heuristic

faulty decisions made based on information readily available to you

cognition

thinking, perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory.

cognitive psychology

stuyding how people think.