APUSH Period 1-5 Vocab

Atlantic Seaboard

American Indians societies developed a mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy that favored the development of permanent villages. Many were descendants of the Woodland Mound builders and built timber and bark lodgings along rivers.

Northeast Settlements

Many decedents of the Ohio River Valley spread into New York. They combined hunting and farming. Primarily known for living in 200 feet "long houses" where multiple families related through a mother lived together. Most know for the Iroquois Confederacy, which bound together five tribes-the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Seneca

Great Basin / Great Plains

A region in the Western U.S. that has no drainage to the ocean. Low, flat lands that was the home to many Native American tribes. Lack of natural resources which caused NA populations to rely on hunting and have largely mobile lifestyles. The buffalo became a primary source of food, decorations, crafting tools, knives and clothing. Lakota and Apaches were two of the largest tribes.

Southwest Settlements

Pueblo Indians is a term used to describe the tribes of the this settlement region. They lived in cliffs and /or built clay houses. The Anasazi & Hohokam Indians were both examples of Pueblo tribes. The Anasazi were cliff dwellers and Hohokam built pueblos.

Both cultivated agricultural crops sustained crops via a complex system of irrigation canals that carried water long distances.

Mississippi River Valley/Eastern Woodlands

American Indian populations developed permanent settlements based on hunting, fishing and agricultural society ( grew "3 sisters" crops of squash, beans, and corn). American Indian culture flourished after they expanded their settlements and trading network. Ohio River Valley (Adena-Hopewell) were known for building massive mounds that served as burial and ceremonial sites.

Northwest Settlements

People lived in permanent longhouses or plank houses. They had a rich diet based on hunting, fishing, and gathering nuts, berries, and roots. To save stories, legends, and myths, they carved large totem poles. The high mountain ranges in this region isolated tribes from one another creating barriers to development.

Encomienda System

Conquistadors and other leaders received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor. The Spanish were supposed to protect and Christianize the Indians granted to them, but they most often used the system to effectively enslave the Indians and take their lands.

Columbian Exchange

A period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New (North and South America) and Old Worlds (Europe and Asia). Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.

Joint-Stock Companies

Made up of group of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king. Made colonialization a profitable enterprise with the financial risk spread amongst several investors.

West African Slave Trade

The business or process of procuring, transporting, and selling slaves, especially black Africans to the New World prior to the mid-19th century.

Spanish Colonization

The motivations for colonial expansion were trade, gold, and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. They established the encomienda system to control the native populations.

Atlantic Slave Trade

A large triangular trading system between English mainland colonies, the West Indie, and the African shore. Molasses is traded from the Indies up to the colonies where it is distilled into rum. The rum is traded to Africa in exchange for slaves who are traded in the indies for more molasses.

French Colonization

First permanent settlement was established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec. Primarily looking for furs and converts to Catholicism. They viewed Indians as potential economic and military allies, maintained good relations with Natives, sometimes taking Indian wives.. Most immigrants were single men, and there were few towns and only loose governmental authority.

Dutch Colonization

Created the colony of New Amsterdam, They wanted it for gold, furs and other resources, English eventually drove them out and was named New York after the Duke of York who was related to the King of England.

English Colonization

Sir Walter Raleigh first attempted to establish a settlement at Roanoke Island in North Carolina in 1587 but failed. Many colonies created by joint stock companies and mercantile charters (Virginia Company creates Jamestown). Plymouth was created for religious freedom by Pilgrims (Puritans). Most worked peacefully with Native Americans to exchange goods and ideas, but often their cultures clashed over land.

Chesapeake Bay Colony

The region of Virginia and Maryland. In contrast to New England, this region was distinguished by indentured servants, cash crops, and African slavery. Tobacco was their main crop, had a large population of indentured servants, infested with disease, low life expectancy.

Carolinas

In 1729, this region was split into two royal colonies. In the South, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. Later, rice-growing plantations become their staple cash crop. In the North ,there were many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations. They instituted headrights and a representative government to attract colonists. The southern region grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while the poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers.

New England Colonies

The term for the colonies of Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. Based on shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small-scale subsistence farming, and, eventually, manufacturing. Strong religious convictions helped sustain settlers.

Puritans

believed the Anglican Church retained too many Catholic ideas and sought to purify the Church of England; they believed in predestination (man saved or damned at birth) and also held that God was watchful and granted salvation only to those who adhered to His goodness as interpreted by the church. They were strong in New England and very intolerant of other religious groups.

Middle Colonies

New York New Jersey and Pennsylvania. had fertile soil moderate winters warm summers and a good growing season and economy was based on farming mining, craft jobs, cash crops, grain, manufacturing, and trade.

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. Depended on plantations (large farms) producing large amounts of cash crops, especially rice and tobacco. Lots of rivers, bays and wetlands as well as large areas of farming land

British West Indies

Were the islands in and around the Caribbean that were part of the British Empire. Supplied sugar cane and molasses and rum to colonies. Slave labor dependent.

Metacom's War/ King Philip's War

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Pueblo Revolt

A rebellion of Native Americans in Northwestern province of Spanish America, caused by Spanish attempt to eliminate all Kachina (dolls that represented guardian spirits) worship. The Native American victory allowed the Hopi to continue to practice their own religion along with Christianity and led to reforms in Spanish policies towards Native Americans.

First Great Awakening

was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement was brought to the colonies by European ministers reacting to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

Enlightenment

European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society. Leaders included John Locke.

Anglicization

Process of colonies becoming and acting British. This was influenced by print culture (newspapers and writings) and communities based on English models. The wealthy Americans sent their sons off to be educated in Britain, proper British etiquette and behavior were employed and the latest fashions from London and other luxuries were imported. Even homes were modeled on British townhouses and country estates

Trans-Atlantic Print

the spread of ideas, and goods via trade and newspapers, magazines, and other printed materials. Promoted and expanded the Enlightenment, Anglicization, and the ideas of the Great Awakening.

Mercantilism

An economic policy that dominated the early 16th and 17th Centuries. Nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. Colonialization was the method of obtaining these items. It became a system of political economy based on government regulation. Beginning in 1650, Britain enacted Navigation Acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain

Indentured Servants

People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.

Headright system

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.

French and Indian War/7Years War (1754-1763)

War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won, but the aftermath will create tensions between the Royal Government and the colonist. French lose Canada and Spain loses Florida to the British. Louisiana Territory becomes property of Spain. The war opens up the expansion of the Mississippi Valley.

Proclamation of 1763

The first sign of the end of Salutary Neglect. A law from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes. Created the "Join or Die" cartoon to illustrate the importance of coming together in unity. The plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown.

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members.

American Revolution

War between the British Colonies in North America and Britain. Starts in 1775 with the battle of Lexington and Concord. Colonists win.

Patriots and Loyalists

Patriots were colonial rebels; Loyalists were loyal to the King and England (also called Tories)

Continental Army/George Washington

The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the USA. General George Washington was the commander in chief of the army.

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

Encourage the colonies to seek independence. Pamphlet that argued in clear, logical language that the colonies should break with Britain. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.

Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson; influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers of his day.

*Provisions:*

Part 1 - Explains the necessity of independence for the preservation of basic laws and rights (Natural Rights and Social Contract).

Part 2 - Lists a series of "abuses and usurpations" by the king and his government; Jefferson claimed that this treatment violated the social contract the British monarch had with the his colonies, thereby justifying the actions his American subjects felt compelled to take.

Part 3 - Ends with what is tantamount to a formal declaration of war.

Virtuous Republic

Americans felt that they needed a new type of republic, now that they had escaped the corrupt European one; wanted to create a new republic in which virtue was the most important quality. Also required civic minded people, popular participation in government., and elected representatives.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Republican Motherhood

Popular Post-Revolutionary War idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children.

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during (and after) the Revolutionary War. Created a weak central government that had limited powers (no executive or judicial branches, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade. Was replaced by the constitution.

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Constitutional Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution. 3 Compromise were critical; Great Compromise over large vs small states and representation in Congress, 3/5 compromise over slavery, and creation of Electoral College as a selection process for the President.

U.S. Constitution

Replaced the Articles of Confederation and created a stronger central government. Outlines structure & power of 3 branches of national government. Contains 7 Articles outlining Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances, Amendment Process, Relationship with the States, and Ratification Process.

Federalist v. Anti-Federalist

federalist = supported the constitution; favored strong national government

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anti-federalist- against the constitution. Feared a stronger central government without certain protections of citizens rights (Bill of Rights)

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. Used to support the Ratification of the Constitution.

Bill of Rights

Necessary addition to the constitution in order for the Anti-Federalist to accept Ratification. The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Democratic-Republicans

An early political party headed by Thomas Jefferson; stood for less centralized government. believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Federalist Party

A political party created in the 1790s and influenced by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade. Favored broad interpretation of the constitution, pro-British alliances, and in favor of a The Bank of the United States.

French Revolution (1789)

Reacting to the oppressive aristocracy, the French middle and lower classes overthrew the king and asserted power for themselves in a violent and bloody revolution. This uprising was inspired by America's independence from England and the Enlightenment ideas. The French Revolution divided Americans and resulted in our nations first official Foreign Policy stance of neutrality.

George Washington's Farewell Address

Urged the nation to have no political Parties as it weakens the U.S., and to stay neutral in foreign affairs and to avoid permanent alliances with foreign countries

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review" - the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality

Impressment

Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. It was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period.

Embargo Act

Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The embargo places great strains on the American economy, while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809.

War Hawks

Democratic-Republican congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from South and West, they resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier. Some even had their sights on American expansion into Canada.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Resulted in the death of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet", at the hands of William Henry Harrison, in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States in the War of 1812

Tecumseh

Accomplished Shawnee warrior, he sought to establish a confederacy of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. He opposed individual tribes selling land to the United States, arguing that the land belonged to all the native peoples. After, 1811, he allied with the British, fighting fiercely against the United States until his death in 1813.

John Marshall

Chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until his death in 1835, he strengthened the role of the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review. During his tenure, the Court also expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of decisions that established federal supremacy over the states.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Haitian revolutionary who led a successful slave uprising against French forces and helped establish an independent Haiti in 1797. This loss ended Napoleon's attempts to create a French empire in the Western Hemisphere and arguably caused France to decide to sell its North American holdings to the United States (Louisiana Purchase)

War of 1812

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issuers of trade, impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.

Hartford Convention

Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of southern and western interests in congress and in the White House. One of many contributing factors that led to Federalist Party demise.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

American System

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff and a federally funded transportation network.

Era of Good Feelings

Popular name for the period of one-part, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. There term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery and the national bank.

Panic of 1819

Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb over speculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian democracy.

Peculiar Institution

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the nineteenth century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

Missouri Compromise

Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36*30\`.

Monroe Doctrine

Statement delivered by President James Monroe warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

Tariff of Abominations (1832)

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the tariff, arguing that it hurt southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs but were forced to pay higher prices for manufacturers.

Nullification Crisis

Showdown between President Andre Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the Tariff of Abominations of 1832 null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833

Indian Removal Act

Ordered the removal of Indian tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces (Trail of Tears), often after prolonged legal or military battles.

Black Hawk War

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between Ameican forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act.

Bank War

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the bank bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

Panic of 1837

Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb over speculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill", which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply.

Market Revolution/Market Economy

the economic transformation that swept over the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century; put an emphasis on selling products on a bigger, national scale and expanded trade; includes development of technology (textiles, cotton gin), transportation (steamboats, roads, canals), baking/credit, and regional specialization

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The engine made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.

Factory Girls

Young women employed in the growing textile factories of the early nineteenth century, they labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families.

Cult of Domesticity

Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere. It was seen as an evolution of Republican Motherhood.

Transportation revolution

Term referring to a series of nineteenth century transportation innovations -- turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads -- that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.

Slave Rebellions

Gabriel Prosser (1800), Denmark Vesey (1822), & Nat Turner (1831); all struck fear into the hearts of slave-owners and led to new, more restrictive laws against blacks

American Colonization Society

Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.

The Liberator

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves. Paper promoted the American Anti-Slavery Society, which had more than 250,000 members in 1,300 chapters across the nation.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members. Encourages reform movements of the Antebellum Era and can trace origins back to the burned-over district of New York, which was particularly swept up in religious fervor.

Antebellum Reform Movements

1810-1850; Reacting to the rapid social changes of the Market Revolution, Americans began to reform individuals and institutions to better conform to their notions of human perfectibility and democratic equality. Included efforts in abolitionist movement, temperance, women's rights, education, treatment for mentally Ill

Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls (1848)

This convention held in New York declared that "all men and women are created equal" in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence. One resolution at this convention demanded the ballot for females. This meeting in New York launched the modern women's rights movement.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

First Wave of Immigration

Major immigration to America from Europe from 1820-1860 came from Catholic Irish (who were forced out due to the Potato Famine) and Germans (who were pulled here due to availability of land). Irish generally stayed on the East Coast, and worked in low paying, menial factories, where they were treated awfully. Germans tended to head West because they had more money and were looking to start a new life. Germans were mostly just men while the Irish came in families. Led to a rise in Nativism.

Popular Sovereignty

The notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery.

Fugitive Slave Law (1850)

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery which caused many to join the abolitionist movement.

Emancipation Proclamation

1863. Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States.

Freedman's' Bureau

1865-1872. Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support.

Black Codes

1865-1866. Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks.

Sharecropping

An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop.

Compromise of 1877

Deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.); Hayes was awarded presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of fed. troops from the South--\> ended Reconstruction

Compromise of 1850

Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.