all bio exams

life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. which sequence correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive?

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

members of the kingdom animalia

can obtain their food by eating other organisms

a hypothesis is

a proposed explanation for a set of observations

the four most common elements in living organisms are

C, H, O, N

what is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?

in a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of elections; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other

when full, the innermost election shell of argon contain electrons, and the outermost shell contains __ electrons

2; 8

typically, neutral nitrogen atoms are composed of the same number of electrons, protons, and neutrons. an isotope of nitrogen would

have more neutrons than the usual nitrogen atom

which of the following statements regarding chemical reactions is false

some chemical reactions create electrons; others destroy them

the tendency of water molecules to stick together is referred to as

cohesion

a buffer

donates H+ ions when conditions become too basic and accepts H+ ions when conditions become to acidic

what change is occurring in this figure? (NaCl → Na+ Cl-)

chlorine is filling its third electron shell

the kingdom fungi includes species

that obtain food by decomposing dead organisms and absorbing the nutrients

a scientist performs a controlled experiment. this means that

two versions of the experiment are conducted, one differing from the other by only a single variable

in the equation 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O, the H2 molecules are __ *and the H20 molecules are* _______

reactants; products

radioactive isotopes

can be used in conjunction with PET scans to diagnose diseases

which particles are found in the nucleus of an atom

protons and neutrons

a localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a

population

prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. what are the domains?

bacteria and archaea

the application of scientific knowledge for some specific purpose is known as

technology

all organisms on your campus make up

a community

knowing just the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about which of the following

the number of protons plus neutrons in the element

fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. how many electrons are needed to complete the valence shell of a fluorine atoms

1

a covalent bond is likely to be polar when

one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom

consider two solutions: solution X has a pH of 4, and solution Y has a pH of 7. from this information, we can reasonably conclude that

the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 1000 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y

based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule depicted here is most likely

positively charged

the smallest unit of life is a(n)

cell

which of the following is the smallest unit of matter that has all the properties of an element

atom

inside a living cell, which type of bond would be the most stable

covalent

which of the following best describes the structure of how water molecules form and interact

the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond with one another to create stable outer shells of electrons. the electrons are shared unequally resulting in a polar molecule whose slight charges form weak hydrogen bond attractions with other water molecules

which of these beakers would represent a solution considered an acid?

C (highly concentrated with H+)

which property of life is represented by this image? (mother and baby elephant)

reproduction

ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of matter. how would you characterize these organisms?

decomposers return the chemicals to the soil

which part of an atoms is responsible for forming chemical bonds

electrons

polar water molecules are held together by which type of chemical bonds

hydrogen

which property is most responsible for dissolving salt (NaCl) crystals in water

solvent

any substance that dissociates in water causing an increase the hydrogen ion concentration would ___ the pH of the solution

decrease

a buffer is a chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a solution by _____

releasing H+ when base is added to a solution

atoms that either gained or lost electrons form

ions

evolution is one of the biological themes that all living things undergo over time. which of these terms are most closely related to describing the process of evolution

natural selection

in the scientific process, investigations start with an observation, what is the next step in the process that ultimately leads to a scientific theory

formulate a hypothesis

if two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called

hypotonic

the energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds and start a chemical reaction is called

activation energy

energy is defined as

the capacity to do work

the chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions is called

metabolism

the process often referred to as “cellular eating” is

phagocytosis

how are the tails and head of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment

the hydrophobic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophilic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid

protein synthesis requires the use of mRNA, which

is translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequence of proteins

you are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal or bacterial. you look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane bound organelles. you conclude correctly that the cells

are plant cells

resolution is the

ability of an optical instrument to show two close objects as separate

where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from

carbon dioxide

how does inhibition of an enzyme catalyzed reaction by a competitive inhibitor differ from inhibition by a noncompetitive inhibitor

competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site

when an enzyme catalyzes a reaction

it lowers the activation energy of the reaction

aquaporins

allow water to cross the plasma membrane via facilitated diffusion

most of the functions of a cell membrane, including transport and enzymatic function, are performed by

proteins

which figure depicts an animal cell placed in a solution hypertonic to the cell

cell C (deflated)

which part of the ATP molecules breaks free of the rest when an ATP molecule releases energy

part D (third phosphate)

a scanning electron microscope is used to study ___ *where as a transmission electron microscope is used to study* ________

cell surfaces; internal cell structures

which of the following statements regarding plasmodesmata is false

plasmodesmata are found in plants and animals

which organelle is involved in the lipid synthesis and detoxification

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

the overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is

C6H12O6 +6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + energy

according to the accompanying figure which structure is large enough to see with the naked eye

frog egg

which organism can make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide

algae

a particular chemical reaction is exergonic. what can you say about the relationship between the reactants and the products in this exergonic reaction

the reactants have more free energy that the products

organisms that can manufacture their own chemical energy are called _______

autotrophs

cell theory states that

all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells

____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface

fimbriae

____ is the self replicating material present in nearly all living organisms; it is the main constituent of chromosomes and the carrier of genetic information

DNA

you would expect a cell with an extensive golgi apparatus to ____

secrete a lot of material

digestive cells produce and secrete many enzymes that break down ingested food. these cells have a large number of ribosomes ____

on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

lysosomes are derived from _____ and function in

the golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum; digestion of worn out organelles

mitochondria are found in

both plant cells and animal cells

which of these is a false statement about chloroplast

produces CO2 as a waste product

the cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of ___

microtubules

in plants ____ are the cell junctions that allow the free exchange of small molecules that assist in communication. in animal cells similar cell junctions are known as

plasmodesmata; gap junctions

which of the following is a difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion

active transport requires the expenditure of cellular energy, and facilitated diffusion does not

azidothymidine is an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of HIV. it shares a structural similarity to a nucleotide. what might be the mode of action for this drug

competitive inhibition

lactase is essential for digesting lactose in milk. this enzyme is specific for this sugar, why?

there is a precise compatibility between the active site and the lactose molecule

a spaceship is designed to support animal life for a multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system. plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide

if the power fails and the lights do dark what will happen to CO2 levels

CO2 will rise as a result of both animal and plant respiration

which of the following does not occur during the calvin cycle

release of oxygen

a flask containing photosynthetic green algae and a control flask containing water with no algae are both placed under a bank of lights, which are set to cycle between 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark. the dissolved oxygen concentrations in both flasks are monitored. predict what \n the relative dissolved oxygen concentrations will be in the flask with algae compared to the control flask

the dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will be higher in the light but lower in the dark

which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the calvin cycle

the light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, P+, and NADP+ to the light reactions

assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the storm. this damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes

the synthesis of ATP

where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells

thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the calvin cycle

ATP and NADPH

where does the calvin cycle take place

stroma of the chloroplast

a plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. the leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. what wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment

blue and violet

what does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve

establishment of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane

what is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules

catabolic pathways

which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced

where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells

cytosol

the ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

substrate level phosphorylation

the oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

substrate level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis

100%

starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy containing products of glycolysis are

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located

mitochondrial inner membrane

during aerobic respiration H2O is formed. where does the oxygen atom for the formation of the water come from

molecular oxygen (O2)

in chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + P to ATP

energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase doesn't the electrochemical gradient

during cellular respiration energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells

mitochondrial inter membrane space

approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration

60-64

which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell

glycolysis and fermentation