Ch. 6 Questions

What is the term for the production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations such as "ma-ma-ma"?

Babbling

Failure to engage in pointing is a sign that a child may

have communication problems

According to Piaget, cognitive conflict is also known as

Disequilibrium

Some experts view the remarkable similarities in children's language acquisition all over the world as strong evidence that language has a ______ basis.

Biological

If an infant's behavior is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, the behavior:

Is likely to recur

Why is there a low correlation between the Gesell and Bayley Scales and IQ scores obtained later in childhood?

Components tested in infancy are not the same as the components tested by IQ tests.

Which of the following is *not* among the evidence supporting the concept of a language acquisition device (LAD)?

The LAD has been identified as a physical structure in the brain.

We understand that the word *boy* refers to a child and the word *man* refers to an adult because we understand

Semantics

The appropriate use of language in different contexts refers to the ______ of language.

Pragmatics

Which of the following are problems with the behavioral view of language learning?

It does not yet explain how children learn syntax even if they are not reinforced for doing so and It does not explain how people create novel sentences.

The Gesell test includes which *four* of the following categories?

Langauge, Motor, Adaptive, and Personal-Social

In the sentence "Michael walked to the store," we know *who* walked *where* because we understand

Syntax

Which of the following are reasons language scholars believe that language has a biological basis?

amage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language.

Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language.

Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world.

When you ask a question and then pause to wait for the answer, you are demonstrating that you understand

Pragmatics

Which of the following is *not* one of the functions of early vocalizations?

To practice the semantics of language

 ________ vocabulary refers to words a child understands.

Receptive

Which of the following statements regarding common first words is accurate?

Common first words for babies are the same now as they were 50 years ago.

Which of the following is the most essential component of the behavioral view of language learning?

Reinforcement

Which of the following *most* gave humans an edge over other animals and increased the chances of human survival?

Language

\n Who was the most important early contributor to the testing of infants?

Arnold Gesell

We realize that the sentence "You didn't stay, didn't you?" is unacceptable and ambiguous because we understand

Syntax

The appropriate use of language in different contexts refers to the ______ of language.

Pragmatics

Which of the following is *not* an example of a common first-word type for an American infant?

Goes

Which of the following is an accurate description of critiques of Piaget's sensorimotor stage by recent research?

An infant’s cognitive world is not as neatly packaged as Piaget portrays it.

When infants correctly find an object hidden at location A and then continue to look in location A even when they see the object hidden in a new location, they are engaging in which of the following?

A-not-B Error

Omar is an 18-month-old boy. His mother has been cleaning the house. Omar watches her vacuum, wash the windows, and sweep the kitchen floor. The next day his mother watches as Omar takes his toy vacuum and pretends to vacuum the floor. What cognitive technique is Omar demonstrating?

Deferred Imitation

What does Tomasello's interaction view of language emphasize?

Children learn language in specific contexts

The subscores of all four categories on the Gesell test are combined to provide an overall score, which is referred to as the:

Developmental quotient

The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences is called

Syntax

\n Piaget believed that children ______ their own cognitive worlds.

Actively Construct

\n Which of the following is an example of accommodation?

Carson has learned that it is good to eat the peel of an apple but not good to eat the peel of a kiwi.

Ji-hoon has learned how to ride a tricycle. His parents buy him a two-wheeled bike with training wheels. He gets right on the new bike and begins to ride after practicing using the brakes (which his tricycle did not have). He even comments to his parents,"My trike doesn't have brakes!" Piaget would say that Ji-hoon has related his knowledge about how to ride a tricycle to learning to ride the new bike. What has Ji-hoon done with his knowledge of bike riding?

Organized his knowledge of bike riding

According to the core knowledge approach, the domain-specific innate knowledge systems that infants are born with include which of the following?

Object Permanence, Space, Language, and Number Sense

Knowing how to crawl, walk, and jump involves ______ memory.

Implicit

______ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.

Concepts

Michael Tomasello stresses that young children are intensely interested in their social world and that early on they can understand the intentions of other people, which influences their language development. This is best characterized as a(n) ______ view of language.

Interaction

\n Which of the following is *not* one of the four categories in the current version of the Gesell test of infant development?

Reflexive

In terms of sentence structure, the idea that language users cannot process subjects and objects arranged in too complex a fashion is

Universal across languages

Darlene has just begun to recognize her name when someone says it. She is most likely how old?

5 months old

\n What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?

Concepts

Joint attention enables children to use their ______ skills to acquire language.

Social

e Juanita thinks only lollipops should be called candy. What linguistic mistake is she making?

Underextension

What region of the brain is associated with comprehension of language?

Wernicke’s Area

On average, an infant understands _____ words at 13 months, but cannot say that many words until 18 months.

50

\n What is the term for the loss or impairment of language processing?

Aphasia

Baby Katrina has babbled the sound "ma-ma." Her mother hugs and kisses her and says, "You said 'Mama'!" Baby Katrina continues to say "Mama" over and over because of the reinforcing hugs and kisses she receives from her mother. Which theoretical viewpoint believes that this reinforcement is what will motivate Katrina's language development?

Behaviorism

\n Which of the following is most likely to facilitate a child's language learning?

Caregiver support and involvement

According to Chomsky, children's language acquisition device provides them with the ability to form plural words.

True

\n In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called

Schemes

______ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Assimilation

The ______ stage is the name of the Piagetian stage that occurs between birth and 2 years of age.

Sensorimotor

Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into ______ substages, each of which builds on the previous one.

6

The sensorimotor substage in which sensation and action are coordinated primarily through such behaviors as rooting and sucking is called

Simple reflexes

In the first habits and primary circular reactions substage, the main focus is on

the infant’s own body

When babies *initially* become less self-preoccupied and more interested in objects, they are most likely in the ______ sensorimotor substage.

Secondary circular reactions

______ is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.

Object Permanence

Michelle, an infant, is looking intently at her mother as she sings her a song. Which of the following *best* describes what Michelle is demonstrating?

Attention

What process involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment and recognizing objects and their features?

Orienting/investigative process

With what is Broca's area associated?

The production of words

Sustained attention is also known as

Focused attention

In examining the connection between attention and habituation in infancy, objects that become familiar will result in attention becoming _______.

shorter

\n When parents interact effectively with their child and keep introducing stimuli until the child stops responding, the parents evidently understand

Habituation

Reciprocal interaction is one component of

Joint attention

\n When infants repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are engaging in which sensorimotor substage?

First habits and primary circular reactions

What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants become more object-oriented and less focused on their own body?

Secondary circular reactions

Which of the following infant behaviors shows an infant's concept and categorization abilities?

Grouping together objects with similar appearances

An example of ______ is how in English some words start with *sch* as in *school*, but no words start with the cluster *chs*.

Phonology

Which of the five systems of rules of language has the function of marking tense and number?

Morphemes

What does research on infants' recognition of language sounds demonstrate?

By their first birthday, infants lose the ability to recognize differences in sounds not important in their own language.

At what age do infants begin gesturing?

8 to 12 months

Baby Yeona is putting her hands by her face. She accidentally puts her thumb in her mouth. She reflexively begins to suck on her thumb. Later in the day, she tries to put her thumb back into her mouth, and the assumption is that she enjoyed sucking her thumb earlier and is trying to repeat the action. Which sensorimotor substage is Yeona in?

First habits and primary circular reactions

When infants repeat unintentional actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results, primarily with people or objects in their environment, they are most likely in the substage of sensorimotor development described as

Secondary circular reactions

Which type of experiment is typically used to study infants' concept and categorization abilities?

Habituation experiments

______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined.

Phonology

An infant smacking her lips to indicate that she wants food or drink is an example of

Gesturing

The "vocabulary spurt," when it happens, usually occurs between ______ and 24 months.

18

Which of the following is *not* an example of telegraphic speech?

A child says “My daddy gives Carter the cookie.”

Which of the following is *not* characteristic of child-directed speech?

Faster tempo

The rephrasing of something the child has said, perhaps by turning it into a question or restating an immature utterance in a grammatically correct sentence, describes

Recasting

\n Parents and teachers who provide a rich verbal learning environment for children do which of the following to attain positive outcomes?

Label things in their environment, Read to them, and Pay attention to what they try to say.

The basic sound system of a language is called

Phonology

An infant waving bye-bye is an example of a(n)

Gesture

Which of the following vocalizations do infants start to make around the middle of the first year of life?

Babbling

The use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives is called

Telegraphic speech

The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences is called

Syntax

Research has shown that infants will suck faster on a nipple when the sucking behavior is followed by a visual display, music, or a human voice. The visual display, music, or human voice is considered to be a(n)

Reinforcer

According to a longitudinal study early ______ skills are the best predictor of IQ.

language

"The car talked the girl into buying an apple" is ______ correct but ______ incorrect.

Syntactically; semantically

One of the functions of early vocalizations is to attract attention.

True

Words a child uses are called ______ vocabulary.

Spoken

Which statement is *true* regarding telegraphic speech?

Telegraphic speech is not limited to to words

Researchers who have evaluated Piaget's stages have suggested that his theory of ________ development needs to be changed and enhanced.

Sensorimotor

Which of the following are possible explanations for why infants make A-not-B errors?

Infants tend to repeat previous motor behaviors and they failures in memory.

A child has learned new information, and it successfully adjusts its schemes to take the information into account. Psychologists call this process

Accomodation

According to the core knowledge approach, which of the following plays the *most* important role in infant development?

Nature

The tendency to apply a word too narrowly is called

Underextension

\n Someone who has poor comprehension and often produces fluent but incomprehensible speech may have damage to what region of the brain?

Wernicke’s Area.

Which of the following promote growth in later language development by improving an infant's mapping process between words and the world?

Relevant responsiveness by caregiver and joint engagement

Chomsky proposed that a language acquisition device allows children to do all of the following, *except*

Hear spoken words

What term describes the sound infants begin to make at 1 to 2 months?

cooing