apush period 2

Who settled in North America?

The Spanish, Dutch, British, + French

What is the significance of 1607?

The 1st permanent English settlement of Jamestown was founded

What were the main similarities between all colonial settlements?

They had became societies of permanent farms, plantations, towns, + cities

Why did the French, Ducth + British settle along the Atlantic coast?

Bc the Portuguese + Spanish had already settled/explored South + Central America

What were the 2 first permanent English settlements?

Plymouth + Jamestown

Why did each colony develop its own economic + cultural system?

Bc of the diverse environmental conditions + settlement patterns

Trade caused friction between the colonists + what 2 groups?

The British + Natives

Why did colonists feel like native slaves weren't effective? Indentured servants?

The natives could escape too easily + indentured servants only worked for a set amount of time + couldn't handle the labor of large plantations

What were the 3 main motivations for settling in the Americas?

Wealth, to spread christiantiy, to escape religious persecution

Why were the Spanish colonies slow to take off?

Limited mineral resources, strong opposition from the natives

What motivated Spanish colonists + who made up most of their colonies?

The desire to spread catholicism + largely populated by men

What was the oldest city founded by Europeans in the US mainland?

St. Augustine; founded by Juan Ponce de Leon in 1563

Why didn't many Spanish settlements grow?

Bc they found little gold + silver, declining native population, + periodic hurricanes

When did the Spanish settle in NA + what is something unique about one?

New Mexico + Arizona-1598 + natives had settled in this region for about 700 years b4 the Spanish ; Texas-grew in the early 1700s + grew when the Spanish resisted French efforts to explore the lower Mississippi river ; California-San Diego in 1769 + started exploring this region when the Russians were exploring Alaska ;

Who made up the French colonies?

Christian missionaries (wanted to spread christianity) + economic reasons (fur trade + finding a northwest passage to Asia)

Why did French men often marry native women?

Bc they were valuable guides, translators, + negotiators

Quebec

1st French settlement; founded by Samuel de Champian ("Father of New France") in 1608 by following the St. Lawrence River

Louisiana

1673 by Robert de la Salle following the Mississippi River

New Orleans

1718 + became a prosperous trade center + major shipping port

What was Henry Hudson paid by the Dutch to do?

To find the westward passage to Asia following the "northwest passage"

Who did the Dutch colonies consist of?

Small # of traders who built strong trade networks w/ the natives

Comparing the Dutch in location of settlement + prospect of Natives as major partners how were they?

They were more likely to settle in trading posts near the coast or along major rivers + less likely to intermarry w/ the natives (overall were very religiously tolerant + had good relations w/ the natives for business reasons)

Why did England really need new land to settle?

Bc their population was growing @ a rapid rate + needed more land for the poor + landless families

Joint stock companies

A large group of investors + draws ppl in bc there is limited liability for the expensive + dangerous expeditions

How were English colonies different from France or Spain?

They had more families than singles settle, interested in farming, + most migrated for better lives or religious reasons

Why did England need a good navy?

Bc they were completely surrounded by water

What allowed for the British to finally settle in the new world?

Them defeating the Spanish Armada

What kind of factors contributed to the growth of regional or sectional differences w/in the colonies?

Topography, natural resources, climate, + background of the settlers

How did the colonies receive the authority to operate?

A charter granting the special privilege of forming a colony from the monarch

Corporate colony

Charters are given to joint- stock companies (mostly early on + ex. Jamestown)

Royal colony

Under the direct authority + rule of the king's government (Virgina after 1624)

Proprietary colony

The authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king (ex. Maryland + Pennsylvania)

Why did feelings of independence grow in the colonies?

From religious + political conflicts w/ England + tradition of having a representative government

Who gave the charter for the Jamestown colony?

James I to the Virginia Company

What were the early problems of Jamestown?

The men were gentlemen who didn't know how or could handle physical work, conflicts w/ the natives, + they depend on the natives for resources

What crop helped Virginia survive?

Tobacco introduced by John Rofle + help them learn to cultivate from Pochahontas

Headright

50 acres of land; used to recruit white settlers (offered to any settlers)

What kind of labor was primarily used in Virginia?

At 1st primarily indentured servants + then African slaves starting at the end of the 17th century

Why did Virginia lose its original charter + became a royal colony?

Bc Virginia was declining from disease + native conflicts, as well the Virginia Company was going bankrupt

Why were the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colony founded?

To escape religious persecution

Who are the English Dissenters + what did they want?

English Protestants who believed in the ideologies of John Calvin + wanted break away from the Roman catholic church completely

Separatists

Were ppl who wanted to organize an entirely separate church that was independent of royal control

Why were the separatists in the Plymouth colony known as the pilgrims?

Bc of their travels for religious freedom

What happened early on to the pilgrims when they had landed in the new world?

Many died in the harsh winter, but were later helped by the natives helping them adapt to the land

Who helped lead the Plymouth colony?

William Bradford (Governor) + Captain Miles Standish

What were the mainstays of the pilgrims' economy?

Fish, furs, + lumber

Puritans

The more moderate dissenter who believed that the church could be reformed or purified (led by John Winthrop)

Where did the Puritans settle?

Boston, Massachusetts

What was the Great Migration?

The mass movement of 15,000 Puritans to Massachusetts to avoid persecution

What was life like in New England?

Mixtures of small towns + family farms that relied on a blend of commerce + agriculture

Why was Maryland founded?

1st proprietary colony; King Charles I split up part of Virgina

After Lord Baltimore died + his son Cecil Calvert took control Maryland became a safe haven for who?

Catholics who faced persecution from Protestants in Britain

Act of Toleration

There is religious freedom for all christians (in order to please everyone) (Maryland)

Why was the Act of Toleration significant?

1st colonial statue of religious freedom

Who challenged the Act of Toleration?

Protestants

What was the result of the repeal of the Act of Toleration?

Catholics who lost their rights to vote

Why were Rhode Island + Connecticut established?

Bc settlers were banished from other colonies (mainly Puritan based ones + had differing ideologies)

Why was Roger Williams banished + what colony did he establish?

Bc he believed that the individual conscience was beyond the control of any civil church + Rhode Island in 1636

What denomination of christian was Roger Williams?

Baptist

Unique characteristics about Rhode Island

Recognized the rights of natives (paid them for their land) + allowed Catholics, Quakers, + Jews to worship freely

Anne Hutchinson

Questioned Puritans teachings + believed in antinomianism

Antinomianism

Salvation is by faith alone, they aren't required to follow moral law

What happened in 1638?

Hutchinson founded Portsmouth (becomes Rhode Island)

Thomas Hooker

He was reverend + established Connecticut colony bc he was unhappy w/ the authority of Massachusetts

What was the significance of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?

1st constitution; established a representative government w/ a legislature elected by popular vote + governor chosen by the legislature

When Connecticut became a royal charter what were they allowed?

In 1665; Limited degree of self-government (electing of a governor)

Why was New Hampshire established?

King Charles I split up the Massachusetts colony to gain greater control

What happened to the Puritan congregation over time?

To be apart of the congregation you had to have a religious experience + conversion, but the w/ the generation that was born in the new world they haven't had those experiences so the created the Halfway Covenant w/ not requirements + allowed the church to keep control

Restoration colony

Founded during the late 17th century during the restoration period of the Stuart monarchy w/ king Charles II

Why were the Carolinas founded?

To thank the nobles for getting Charles II onto the throne

What was South Carolina's economy based on?

Initially based on trading furs, but by the 18th century was primarily large rice growing plantations worked by enslaved Africans

What made North Carolina different from South Carolina?

They had few good harbors + poor transportation

How were the plantations of North Carolina?

Made up of a few large plantations w/ little reliance on slavery

What kind of farms were typical of North Carolina?

Tobacco farms

What was North Carolina's reputation?

Democratic news _ autonomy from the British rule

What were the middle colonies?

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, + Delaware

Characteristics of the middle colonies

Fertile land, Relatively diverse immigrants, good harbors (cities developed), attitudes tolerant towards religions

What did King Charles do to get New Amsterdam?

He granted the land to his brother + used brute force to expel the Dutch

What changes did James II make to New York?

Changed the name, added new taxes, duties, + rents w/out settler's consent, no assemble was allowed (angered the settlers)

What concessions did James II make?(New York)

Allowing the governor to grant civil + political rights (including representative assembly)

Who founded the 2 Jerseys?

James II split the land giving ½ to Lord John Berkley + Sir George Carteret

How did the Governors of the Jerseys attract settlers?

Both made generous land offers + allowed religious freedom + an assembly

Why were the Jerseys later combined into 1?

Bc the lord titles changed hands too often + inaccurate property lines lead to confusion

Who was given Pennsylvania + why?

William Penn; from a payment of a debt

Quakers

A religious group who believed that religious authority was found w/in each person + not in the Bible or outside sources (men + women equality)

Why were the quakers in hot water in England?

They were very radical

What did Penn want for his colony?

To be a refuge for Quakers + other persecuted groups + generate profits + income

What was the Frame of Government?

It guaranteed representative assembly elected by landowners + written constitution (pennsylvania)

What was the Charter of Liberties?

Guaranteed the freedom of worship for all + unrestricted immigration (Pennsylvania)

What made Penn + Pennsylvania unique?

They tried to treat the natives fairly + had city planning (ex. Philadelphia)

How did Penn attract settlers?

Hired agents + published notices throughout Europe promising political + religious freedoms + generous land terms

What was unique about the founding of Georgia?

Only colony to receive direct financial support of the government

What were the main reasons Georgia was founded?

They wanted to create a defensive border to protect the South Carolina plantations from the Spanish in Florida + a place to send thousand of people in debt for a new start + crowding the prisons

Who founded Savannah, Georgia?

James Oglethrope

Why did Georgia become a royal colony?

Didn't prosper on its own + was @ constant threat of spanish attack

Why did Great Britain have a hard time controlling the colonies?

The distance made communication slow, many conflicts locally, + @ war w/France

What was the Virginia House of Burgesses?1st representative assembly in Americas + legislative representation

Mayflower Compact

Pilgrims agreement to make decisions based on the will of the majority (early form of self-government + rudimentary written constitution)

In what ways did people participate in their local government at the time?

Town meetings making local decisions + elect members of legislative

Who was excluded from the political process?

Females, landless men, enslaved people, + indentured servants