Final 347 Exam Flashcards

Vocab + everything else i may find Important

aerobic

requiring O2 to live and grow

airborne transmission

spreading of microorganisms

anaerobic

capable of living w/o O2

antibody

immunoglobin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen

antigen

foreign material capable of inducing a specific immune response

antimicrobial

antibacterial agent that kills bacteria or suppresses their growth

asepsis

absence of disease-producing microorganisms; using methods to prevent infection

bacteria

the most significant and most commonly observed infection causing agents

bundles

evidence-based best practices that have proven outcomes when implemented together to prevent infection

Colonization

Presence of an organism residing in an individual's body but with no clinical signs of infection

Direct Contact

A way for organisms to enter the body that involves proximity between the susceptible host and an infected person or a carrier; touching, kissing, sex

Disinfection

Process used to destroy microorganisms; destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores.

Droplet Transmission

Transmission of particles >5mcm

Endemic

Something that occurs with predictability in one specific region or population and can appear in a different geographical location.

Endogenous

Infection in which the causative organism comes from microbial life from within the person

Exogenous

Infection in which the causative organism is from outside the host

fomite

objects or materials which are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture.

fungi

plant like organisms; mold and yeasts, that can cause infection

Health Care Associated Infection

An infection that was not present on admission to healthcare institution but develops during the treatment for other conditions

Host

animal or person on or within a microorganism lives

Iatrogenic

Infection that occurs as a result of a treatment or diagnostic procedure

Indirect Contact

personal contact with either a vector, a loving creature that transmits an infectious agent to a human, usually an insect or fomite

Infection

Disease state resulting from pathogens on or in the body

Isolation

Protective procedure designed to prevent the transmission of specific microorganisms. aka protective aseptic techniques and barrier techniques

Medical Asepsis

Practices designed to reduce the number and transfer of pathogens; synonym for clean technique

Nosocomial

Something originating or taking place in a hospital

Parasites

Organism that lives on or in a host and relies on it for nourishment

Pathogens

Disease producing microorganisms

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

gloves, gown, mask, googles designed to minimize or prevent the HCWs exposure to infectious. material

Reservoir

Natural habitat for the growth and multiplication of microorganisms

Standard Precautions

CDC precautions used in all patient care regardless of diagnosis or possible infection status

Sterilization (clean procedure)

Process by which all microorganisms including spores are destroyed

Sterilization (surgical procedure)

Surgical procedure performed to render a person infertile

Surgical Asepsis

Practices that render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms aka sterile technique

Transmission Based Precautions

CDC precautions used in patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens that can be transmitted airborne, droplet, or contact in addition to standard precautions

Vector

Non-human carriers; like bugs; that transmit organisms from one host to another

Virulence

Ability to produce disease

Virus

Smallest of microorganisms; only seen with an electron microscope

Borrelia Burgdorferi's Reservoir

ticks (sheep, cattle, deer, mice)

Borrelia Burgdorferi's Means of Transmission

Contact (indirect-vectors)

Borrelia Burgdorferi's Disease Trasnmitted

Lyme Disease

E. coli's Reservoir

Feces, contaminated food or water

E. coli's Means of Transmission

Contact (direct or indirect)

E.coli's transmitted disease

E. coli infection, most common manifestation is diarrhea

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Reservoir

Blood, feces, bodily fluids + excretions

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Means of Transmission

Contact direct or indirect; indirect is possible but unlikely

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) disease

Hepatitis B

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) reservoir

blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Means of Transmission

Direct Contact

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis reservoir

sputum (respiratory tract)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Means of Transmission

Airborne Contact

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Disease

Tuberculosis

Salmonella's reservoir

intestinal tracts of humans and other animals including birds

Salmonella's Means of Transmission

Contact direct or indirect

Salmonella's Disease

Diarrheal illness

Staphylococcus Aureus Reservoir

skin surface, nose, mouth + throat

How many stages of infection are there?

Four

In order what are the four stages of infection?

Incubation period, Prodromal Stage, Full (acute) stage of illness, and Convalescent period

Incubation Period

The time when the infectious agent is establishing itself in the body (time may vary), and it is before any symptoms manifest

Prodromal Stage

Time when pt. is most infectious possible spreading to others, manifesting vague symptoms such as fever and malaise

Full (acute) stage of illness

Infection specific symptoms occur

Localized Symptoms

Symptoms that are limited and occur on one body area

Systemic Symptoms

Symptoms manifested throughout the entire body

Convalescent Period

Recovery from infection (may differ for each pt. and infection)

Signs of Acute inflammation

head, swelling, redness, pain, and loss of function

Antigen-antibody response aka

humoral response

Normal WBC count

5k-10k/mm^3

Normal Neutrophil Differential

60-70%

Normal Lymphocyte Differential

20-40%

Normal Monocyte Differential

2-8%

Normal Eosinophils Differential

1-4%

Normal Basophil Differential

0.5-1 differential

Neutrophils during infection

increase during acute infections that produce pus; inc. risk for acute bacterial infection if decreased; may also inc. in stress response

Lymphocytes during Infection

Inc. in chronic bacterial and viral infections

Monocytes during Infection

Inc. in severe infections; func as scavenger or phagocyte

Eosinophils during infection

May be inc. in allergic reaction and parasitic infection

Basophils during Infection

Usually unaffected by infections

abscess

collection of infected fluid that has not drained

bandage

piece of gauze or other material that is used to cover a wound

biofilm

a thick grouping of microorganisms

debridement

cleaning away devitalized tissue and foreign matter from a wound

Dehiscence

Separation of the layers of a surgical wound; may be partial, superficial or complete disruption of the surgical wound

dermis

layer of skin below the epidermis

desiccation

dehydration; process of being rendered free from moisture

dressing

protective covering placed over the wound

epidermis

superficial layer of skin

epithelialization

stage of wound healing in which epithelial cells form across the surface of a wound; color ranges from “ground glass” to pink

Erythema

redness of skin

eschar

thick leathery scab or dry crust that is necrotic and must be removed for adequate healing to occur

evisceration

protrusion of viscera through an incision

exudate

fluid that accumulates in a wound; may contain serum, bacteria, cellular debris, + wbc

fistula

abnormal passage from an internal organ to the skin or from one organ to another

friction

when 2 surfaces rub on each other; resulting injury that resembles abrasion and can also damage superficial blood vessels directly under the skin

Granulation tissue

new tissue that is pink/red in color and composed of fibroblasts and small bv that fill an open wound when it starts to heal

hematoma

localized mass of usually clotted blood

ischemia

deficiency of blood in a particular area

maceration

softening through liquid; overhydration

necrosis

death of cells and tissue

negative pressure wound therapy (npwt)

activity that promotes wound healing and wound closure through the application of uniform negative pressure on the wound bed, reduction in bacteria in the wound, and removal of excess wound fluid