Human Anatomy final quizlet

where do glands come from? what tissue?

derived from epithelial tissue

what are the two types of endocrine organs?

primary vs secondary endocrine organ

primary endocrine organ includes

pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, placenta

secondary endocrine organs includes

heart, stomach, liver, kidney, small intestine, and skin

who is the king and queen of the endocrine system?

hypothalamus and pituitary gland- anterior lobe and posterior lobe

how are the king and queen linked? what is name for the anatomical structure?

linked by the infundibulum

How do the “king and queen” develop?

both become invaulation root of the mouth

neural connection to posterior pituitary is really…

just an extension of the”king”

antidiuretic hormone- paraventricular nucleus, water balance and osmolarity what is the name of this disease?

lack of ADH insipid- uriney is too diel

oxytocin- supraoptic nucleus, milk ejection, other functions?

causes bonds+ high iQ + truthful

where do we see a similar situation?

the adrenal gland make adrenal

ADH and Oxytocin are often referred to as?

How does the king control the queen?

hypothalamus sends tropic hormones to the queen, telling to make whatever is needed, used to send messages to thing too, the king does not wwantto do it, but he will pay for it.

tropic hormones-

they influence the release of another hormone

two types of tropic hormones-

releasing hormones (+), inhibiting hormones(-)

how do tropic hormones from the king reach the queen?

queen is a add on, dual capillary beds, portal vein,

where else will we see one?

hapaddle glands

common tropic hormone pathway-

1\. Hypothalamus secretes releasing or inhibiting hormone into capillary bed


2. blood with tropic hormones enters portal vein

3\. Hypothalamic tropic hormones access anterior pituitary secretory cells through capillary beds

4\. Alter release of anterior pituitary tropic hormones

5. Anterior pituitary tropic hormones enter bloodstream in same capillary bed

6. Travel to distant endocrine gland to trigger release of hormone

what makes a good king?

protects his realm, provides order, centered, decisive,

how does the king stay in touch with what is happening right now?

hormones, circadian rhythm

what types of input does he receive?

receptor- input sent via afferent pathway

neural input-

circadian rhythm, and the regulation

how is the hypothalamus strategically placed for this type of regulation?

stress + heat - cold+

what is one main effector?

output sent via efferent pathway

hormone levels must be …

kept in balance

pathologies:

hyposecretion: too little, Hypersecretion: too much

primary secretion disorders-

abnormality in endocrine organ secreting hormone

secondary secretion disorders-

abnormality in tropic hormone- hypothalamic: tropic hormone, anterior pituitary: tropic hormone

transsphenoidal surgery-

most common way to remove pituitary tumors. transsphenoidal surgery is done through the sphenoid sinus, a hollow space in the skull behind the nasal passages and below the brain. the back wall of the sinus is just below the pituitary gland

what would blood work look like?

tells him to stop, tou would see low levels of GH(growth hormone )

excess growth hormone?

the gigantism, acromegaly

pineal gland location? + how many parts?

glandular tissue in brain, pineal gland might be 2 but look one moves

melatonin function?

promotes sleep, does not promote good sleep, involved in circadian rhythms

diurnal meaning?

of or during the day

how is the timing of melatonin release determined? what inhibits its releases?

the sun, inhibits ,maybe blue light

what brain structures are involved in regulation of melatonin by light?

superchiasmatic and hyper thalamus, the king adoes the pineal gland too

notice the clock, the SCN is often referred to as the central clock are there other clocks?

all the organs have different clocks

what is term for when the circadian rhythm is synchronized with the day/night rhythm?

entrain- to draw along

what role exactly does melatonin play in establishing the circadian rhythm?

signal coming from the central clock through the pineal gland

why do shift workers have a higher rate of disease?

all the organs have different clocks , timing of light exposure affects mood and brain circuits

thyroid hormones-

t4-tetraiodothyronine, T3-triiodothyronine

calcitonin-

regulates calcium levels in blood How?

where are thyroid hormones produced?

in the thyroid gland

unique features of thyroid-

iodine “magnet”, unique in its ability to concentrate iodine, twenty-five percent of all the body iodide ions are in thr thyroid gland, stores hormone in colloid, radsioactive iodine uptake test

does this mean that iodine is not found in other parts of the body?

yes iodine is found in other parts

what is iodine’s function beside its use in making thyroid hormone?

make T3 and T4

what are the two main thyroid hormones?

thyroxine, triiodothyronine

how do they differ structurally?

iodinated with four iodide ions, iodinated with three iodide ions

how do they differ functionally? enzyme?

inactive- T4 is a prohormone converted to T3 within target cells by a specific enzyme, active

TH synthesis-

structure and function of thyroid follicle, follicle cell( thyroid epithelial cell), colloid(thyroglobulin), capillaries

what are the functions of thyroid hormone?

increase basal metabolic rate, regulate growth and development of numerous tissues, iodine deficiency can cause severe developmental problems

functions of iodine-

needed to produce the thyroid hormones which: support out thyroids function, support our healthy growth and development, regulate our overall metabolism, maintain out energy levels, regulate out body temperature

metabolism-

the sum, of all the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including the symthetic anabolic reactions and decomposition catabolic reactions

what is it? what are two causes?

englared thyroid gland, goitrogens blocks stuff, tooth paste, tea

reasons why soy is bad?

female hormones

goiter belt?

similar to a garter belt, but worn around the neck to disguise a goiter, a region of the US known for its high rate of goiter, the upper Midwest and great lakes regions were once known as the goiter belt

what was cause of the goiter belt?

lack of iodine

why does woman need iodine?

low iodine because you need it for beast develop

hypothyroidism include-

Reduced Basal metabolic rate • Weakness and fatigue • Coarse, dry hair and skin, and possible hair loss • Muscle cramps or frequent muscle aches • Depression and irritability

hyperthyroidism include-

High basal metabolic rate –high heart rate and respiration • Low heat tolerance • Weight loss • Rapid mentation • Increased appetite

what are anti-radiation tablets? how do they work?

form of iodine

parathyroid glands locations? clinical? function?

back of thyroid, attack to the posterior side of the parathyroid gland, regulates calcium

cardiovascular system- what does it include?

the heart, blood vessels, blood

cardiovascular system functions- what does it do?

transport id substances- oxygen and nutrients to cells, wastes from cells to liver and kidneys, hormones, immune cells, and clotting proteins to specific target cellls

name for the cavity where the heart is located?

the thoracic cavity

three layers of the heart?

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

pericardium(3 layers)-

fibrous pericardium- strong layer of dense connective tissue, serous pericardium- formed from two layers

epicardium-

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

myocardium-

consists of cardiac muscle in bundles, squeeze blood through heart in proper directions

endocardium-

lines the internal walls of the heart and makes up valves

properties of cardiac muscles

99% contractile cells(for pumping), 1% autorhythmic cells(set pace), intercalated disks,-gap junctions, cause heart to contract as a unit, desmosomes- resist stress

why is the heart really two pumps?

cells pump the lung, pulmonary circuit, the rest is the systemic circuit, one pumps blood to pulmonary circuit another to the systemic

function of atria?

receive blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuits, entrance way, bloo goes through the atria to the ventricles, you can live without the atria

a muscular double pump-

1). pulmonary circuits, 2). systemic circuits

ventricles-

the pumping chambers of the heart

left ventricle-

three times thicker than right- exerts more pumping force, flatten right ventricle into a crescent shape,

what is epidermis showing-

the limit of diffusion that is why we need blood vassals/capitaines

why is the left thicker?

bc it does the systemic circuit more miles of blood vessel

the right us thin?

bc it does the pulmonary circuit which is shorter how does this happen through hyperthrophy

properties of cardiac muscle-

aerobic muscle, no cell division after infancy- growth by hypertrophy

functions of cardiac muscle-

rhythmic contraction and relaxation generates heart pumping action, contraction pushes blood out of heart into vasculature, relaxation allows heart to fill with blood

external markings what do they contain?

blood vessels/fat what do they indicate underneath? wall of muscle that separate the left and high ventricle

heart chambers-

internal divisions, atria and ventricles, interventricular septa, interatrial septa

active or passive process? do papillary muscles close the av valves?

heart sounds-

“Lub-dup” – sound of valves closing 1. First sound “lub” – the AV valves closing 2. Second sound “dup” – the semilunar valves closing

what are the other functions of the fibrous cardiac skeleton?

provide criroring for the valve s

heart valves-

Each valve composed of: – Endocardium with connective tissue core  Atrioventricular (AV) valves  Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

how then is heartrate regulated?

the bodys nervous system neurotransmitters and hormones

why then doesn’t the heart beat at 100 bpm?

the vagus nerve

what can the sympathetic regulate that the parasympathetic cannot?

three branches to the SA node, reach toehold AV node can be increased or decreased the three branches foes to muscle.

why would someone need a two or three lead pacemaker?

if the gate is broken

how does the heart itself get blood?

through the coronary artery

what is the name for the condition that can lead to blockage of the vessels that provide for the heart?

coronary artery disease

nitroglycerin medication administered-

nitroglycerin dilates constricted arteries. this improves blood flow and alleviates chest pain. therefore nitro glycerin is often used by patients with angina

heart-

moderator band goes from setpa and oreveents overflowing of the ventricle

active or passive process?

passive bc tendon to the valve but does not move then

name for the two parts of the cardiac cycle?

the systole phase and the diastole phase

which blood vessel type is crucial for maintaining blood flow during diastole?

telastic arteries as a pressure reservoir like potential energy- heart relaxes and filling

what structural characteristic allows them to do this?

bc it has 2 layers, external/internal elastic lamina, it is in larger, as you age your vessels do not recoil as much.