Unit 1 Bio: Whole exam

Cell Types

eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

2 domains of prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

4 kingdoms of eukarya

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

prokaryotic cell

cell lacking a nucleus and no membrane bound organelles.

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Cell Compartmentalisation

The formation in the cytosol of membrane-bound organelles; giving each a specific internal environment. This improves oganelle efficiency and helps with nutrient transport.

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration and responsible for energy.

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Protein packaging and transport

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesis of lipids

Golgi Apparatus

Processing and packaging centre for cell secretions.

Lysosomes

digestion and waste removal

cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Cytoplasm

Mixture of water and nutrients which surrounds organelles

cilia and flagella

cell movement

Nucleolus

Production of ribosomes

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

nucleic acid

DNA and protein

Cell wall

Outer layer on a plant cell which support and protects the cell.

Vacuole

Storage of nutrients

Chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Centrioles

cell division

Cell membrane

Semi-permiable phospholipid bilayer which controls what enters and leaves the cell

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Glycolysis

First step of cellular respiration. It breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate. The small amount of energy produced is transferred into, ATP and NADH.

Krebs Cycle

Pyruvate is the reactant and is broken down into products such as carbon dioxide, ATP and coenzymes.

electron transfer chain

NADH goes into Electron transfer chain plus other coenzymes plus hydrogen ions and oxygen. 36 ATP is produced (if it is Aerobic respiration).

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) is made up of Adenosine Diphosphate + inorganic phosphate

Aerobic Cellular respiration equation

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --\> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

anerobic cellular respiration equation

C 6 H 12 O 6 --\> 2 Lactic acid + 2ATP

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun, carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Inputs: ATP, CO2 and H

Outputs: Glucose

Light Dependant Reaction

Inputs: H2O + Sunlight + Chlorophyll

Outputs: ATP + O2

Plasma Membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Permiable to Plasma Membrane

Small uncharged molecules and lipid soluble substances

impermiable to plasma membrane

Water soluble substances and ions

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Passive Diffusion

movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane with the concentration gradient; this process does not require energy

concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Facilitated diffusion

Molecules which are cannot diffuse across a cell membrane can use proteins to transport across. Carrier transport is substances binding to protein carriers. Channel transport is substances moving through water filled channels.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Hypotonic

Higher concentration inside a cell than outside

Isotonic

Neutral concentration inside and outside a cell

Hypertonic

More molecules outside a cell than inside

Enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalysts which increase the rate of rection. An enzyme acts on chemicals called substrates in the active site

Anabolic

Bringing molecules together by an enzyme

Catabolic

Breaking molecules apart by an enzyme

central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves relaying information to and from the CNS

Exteroreceptors

Detect external stimuli

Interorecepters

Detects internal states

Open Circulatory System

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

closed circulatory system

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels

Circulatory system

The blood and circulatory organs ensure that the cells are supplied with oxygen and nutrients and remove waste.

Arteries

Oxygenated blood carried away from the heart.

Veins

Deoxygenated blood carried toward the heart.

pulmonary veins

Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

pulmonary artery

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

Vena cava (inferior and superior)

Large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body's tissues to the right atrium.

Aorta

Largest artery in the body

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Stem Cells

unspecialized cells that are capable of giving rise to more cells of the same type

embryonic stem cells

An undifferentiated cell, taken from an embryo that has potential to give rise to various other cell or tissue types

Adult stem cells

undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ

Stem cell potency

the differentiation potential of stem cells

Totipotent Stem cell

embryonic stem cell that is capable of differentiating into any and all cells.

Pluripotent Stem Cells

Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types

Multipotent Stem Cells

stem cells that can become a limited number of types of tissues and cells in the body

Unipotent Stem Cells

adult stem cells that give rise to only one specialized cell type

Stomach

Responsible for mechanical and chemical breakdown of food through enzymes and muscle movement. Also absorbs some nutrients such as carbohydrates

Mouth and associated organs

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical breakdown, digestion

Pharynx and Oesophagus

Pharynx is where the oral and nasal cavities meet

Oesophagus transports food (bolus) to stomach

Small intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place. Contains the duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

Liver

produces bile

Gall bladder

stores bile and releases it into the small intestine

Pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

Large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces

Gas Exchange

the process of obtaining oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide

tidal ventilation

Air flowing into the lungs through the diaphragm contracting and then exhaling by relaxing the diaphragm and pushing the air out. Thus creating an air flow which is similar to a tidal movement.

Mucus lining on lungs

Keeps the lungs moist to allow for diffusion of gases

countercurrent exchange

blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills to allow for maximum gas exchange

Ways which Oxygen diffuses out of the blood

* Being dissolved in plasma and then diffusing across the interstitial fluid
* Attraction to haemoglobin to create oxyhaemoglobin

Ways in which Carbon Dioxide diffuses into the blood

* Diffuse into the blood through plasma
* Reacting with water inside the red blood cell to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions through enzymes.

Hemoglobin

Transport molecule found in the blood

Myoglobin

Storage molecule found in the skeletal and cardiac muscle. It stores oxygen and facilitates muscle diffusion by having a higher affinity than hemoglobin (4x higher).

Leaves

Absorption of light for photosynthesis

stem

supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them

Xylem

A dead cell which conducts water and minerals in vascular plants

Tracheid Cells in the Xylem

Long narrow cells which are impermeable to water but have holes that connect cells. They are the smaller ones when compared to Vessels.

Vessel Elements in the Xylem

Wide tubes which carry water in the Xylem

transpiration pull

when water evaporates from the leaves of a plant, water is pulled up to replace what was lost creating a suction which helps bring water up from the roots against gravity.

Phloem Tissue

Transports solutes, especially sugars. It is composed of living cells and sieve tubes, companion cells and parenchyma.

Sieve tubes and Sieve plates

Sieve tubes are conducting cells in the phloem where the water passes through. The Sieve plates allow sugars to pass through and connect the tubes.

Companion Cells (Phloem)

Responsible for keeping the sieve tube alive.

Parenchyma cells (Phloem)

Storage and support of the Phloem

Translocation of water in plants

Water and nutrients moving up and down a plant