STS_MIDTERMS-REVIEWER (911)

Reality

Everything that appears to our five senses; everything we can see, smell, touch, feel, and taste.

Ontology

The study of the nature of reality; a set of beliefs about what the world actually is.

Epistemology

The study of what we can know about reality; the generation of unbiased, generalizable knowledge.

Thales of Miletus

Ancient Greek philosopher (624-546 BC) who questioned the nature of reality and believed in natural explanations over supernatural ones.

Induction and Deduction

Methods of reasoning used to understand reality; induction involves drawing conclusions based on evidence, while deduction involves deriving conclusions from established theories.

Claudius Ptolemaeus

Ancient Greek astronomer (AD 127-145) who believed that the Earth was the center of the universe.

Rationalism

Philosophical approach founded by René Descartes (1596-1650) that prioritizes pure reason over observed data.

Scientific Method

A process to construct a reliable, consistent, and non-arbitrary representation of the world; involves formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing empirical data.

Scientific Naturalism

A philosophical approach that uses tools similar to those of the natural sciences to understand the world.

Theory

A well-substantiated statement that explains a natural phenomenon.

Law

A well-substantiated statement that describes a natural phenomenon.

Technology

Science or knowledge put into practical use; the branch of knowledge dealing with engineering or applied sciences.

Ancient Civilizations

Early human societies that developed technologies to survive, improve quality of life, and make everyday tasks easier.

China

Considered one of the most isolated ancient civilizations, with independent developments in agriculture and metalworking.

Yellow River

A river in China where early settlements developed around 7000-6000 BCE, leading to advancements in farming techniques.1. Yangtze River:A river in China that runs through a warmer and wetter landscape.

Chinese civilization

Characterized by reverence for ancestors, importance of family, and prestige of education and the written word.

Bronze ware

A claim to fame of Chinese civilization, referring to the production of bronze objects.

Ceramics

Another claim to fame of Chinese civilization, referring to the production of pottery and porcelain.

Silk

A claim to fame of Chinese civilization, referring to the production of silk fabric.

Great Wall

A claim to fame of Chinese civilization, referring to the massive wall built for defense purposes.

Mesopotamia

A region in southeastern Iraq, known as the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

Sumerians

The people who established the first human civilization in Mesopotamia and developed extensive irrigation farming.

Cuneiform

A system of writing developed by the Sumerians, written on clay tablets.

Post and lintel systems

A claim to fame of Sumerian civilization, referring to the use of beams held up by columns.

Ziggurats

Stepped pyramids built by the Sumerians for religious rituals and offerings.

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

The two rivers that flow through Mesopotamia.

Hanging Garden of Babylon

A famous garden built in Babylon, one of the great builders of Mesopotamia.

Egypt

A civilization located in the Nile River valley, known for its agricultural practices and protection from invasion.

Nile River

The main river in Egypt, considered benevolent compared to the unpredictable Tigris and Euphrates.

Pharaohs

The rulers of ancient Egypt, considered god-kings.

Pyramids

A claim to fame of Egyptian civilization, referring to the monumental tombs built for pharaohs.

Hieroglyphics

The system of writing used by the ancient Egyptians, consisting of pictorial symbols.

Greeks

A civilization known for their expertise in sailing, contributions to architecture, literature, arts, science, and philosophy.

City-states

Small independent states ruled by the Greeks, known for their superior weaponry and organization.

Romans

A civilization that succeeded the Greeks and were known for their scientific advancements and conquests.

Native Americans

The modern descendants of the first migrants who arrived in the Americas from Northeast Asia.

Beringia

The land bridge that once connected Northeast Asia and Alaska, believed to be the route taken by the first migrants to the Americas.1. Paleoindian Period:The earliest Native American cultures that lived as hunter-gatherers and used Clovis points to hunt megafauna.

Clovis points

Large, deeply notched leaf-shaped spearheads used by Native Americans during the Paleoindian Period to hunt megafauna.

Folsom points

Smaller spearheads that replaced Clovis points during the transition to hunting smaller game.

Pit houses

Small villages where farmers lived during the transition to agriculture, characterized by units dug into the ground.

Mesoamerican Civilizations

The great civilizations of Mexico, Central America, and South America, including the Olmecs, Maya, Teotihuacan, and Aztecs.

Candaba Swamp

One of the oldest settlements in Central Luzon, known for its wetlands and bird watching.

Adze

A tool made of basalt used for cutting down trees and shaping boats.

Burial practice

The act of burying the dead with material things as gifts to the gods in the afterlife and to ward off evil spirits.

Printing Press

A device used for automated printing of publications, such as books and newspapers, to reach people at a faster rate.

Microscope

A device used for close magnification of infinitesimal figures, objects, or organisms that are invisible to the naked eye.

Telescope

A device used for distant magnification, particularly for navigators.

Weapons

Technological advancements in weaponry during the medieval period, including crossbows and iron-body armors.

Clock

A large device used for time-telling, addressing the problem of inaccuracy and poor design.

Glasses

Eyeglasses used as a supplementary aid for clearer and closer vision.

H. Otley beyer

An archaeologist who recovered an adze made of basalt in Candaba.

Neolithic

The period characterized by the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

Metal Age

A period in human history characterized by the use of metal tools and weapons.

Dionisio kapolong

A known ruler in Candaba based on early Spanish writings, believed to have traded goods with China and Southeast Asia.

Trade ceramics

Ceramics traded between Candaba and other regions, including China, Thailand, Vietnam, and possibly Japan.

Burial practices

Elaborate practices involving grave goods found in Candaba, suggesting the belief in an afterlife and the warding off of evil spirits.1. Geocentric Theory:The belief that the Earth is the center of the universe and that all heavenly bodies revolve around it.

Heliocentric Theory

The belief that the Sun is the center of the universe and that the Earth and other planets revolve around it.

Precession of the Equinoxes

The gradual shift in the positions of the stars due to the Earth's wobbling motion on its axis.

Epicycles

Small circular paths that planets were believed to move in, according to the geocentric model.

Retrograde Motion

The apparent backward motion of planets in the sky, caused by the difference in orbital speeds between Earth and the other planets.

"On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"

A book written by Copernicus that presented his heliocentric model of the solar system.

Church

The religious institution that opposed Copernicus' heliocentric model and banned his book.

Galileo

An astronomer who supported Copernicus' heliocentric model and was persecuted by the Church for his beliefs.

Isaac Newton

A scientist who developed the laws of gravitation, which provided further support for the heliocentric model.

Germ Theory

The theory that diseases are caused by microorganisms.

4 Humors

The ancient Greek belief that health is maintained by balancing four bodily fluids:black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood.

Spores

Minute entities believed to cause diseases and start epidemics.

Fomites

Objects like clothes and linen that can harbor disease-causing spores and aid in their spread.

Pasteurization

A process developed by Louis Pasteur to kill microorganisms in milk and prevent spoilage.

Cells

The basic units of life, suspected to exist by Louis Pasteur.

Microorganisms

Tiny living organisms, such as bacteria and yeasts, that can cause disease or have beneficial effects.1. Ignaz Semmelweis:Physician who observed the importance of handwashing in preventing the spread of infections.

Germ Theory

The theory that microorganisms, such as bacteria, can cause diseases.

Bacillus anthracis

Rod-shaped bacterium that causes the disease anthrax.

Koch's postulate

A set of steps used to prove the causative relationship between a microorganism and a disease.

Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave

A cave in France known for its prehistoric cave paintings.

Carlos "Botong" Francisco

National Artist of the Philippines who discovered petroglyphs in Angono, Rizal.

Sumerians

Ancient civilization that developed the world's oldest alphabet.

Kulitan

An alphabet used by the ancestors in Pampanga, Philippines.

Printing press

Invention by Johannes Gutenberg that revolutionized print media.

Turing machine

A theoretical computing machine that laid the foundation for the development of computers.

Martin Heidegger

German philosopher known for his works on phenomenology and existentialism.

"Being and Time"

A significant work by Martin Heidegger.

Technology

According to Heidegger, a mode of revealing truth and understanding our environment.

Over-consumption

The excessive use of resources due to dependence on technology.

Environmental pollution

The contamination of the environment caused by technological activities.1. Technology:Tools and systems created to facilitate communication and exchange of ideas.

Art

A form of expression that allows us to see the beauty in nature and reflect on the role of technology in our lives.

Confucianism

A philosophical and ethical system founded by Confucius in ancient China, emphasizing moral standards and the observance of rituals.

Ren

The Confucian virtue of benevolence.

Yi

The Confucian virtue of righteousness.

Li

The Confucian virtue of ritual.

Zhi

The Confucian virtue of knowledge.

Xin

The Confucian virtue of integrity.

Xiao

The Confucian virtue of filial love and piety.

Zhong

The Confucian virtue of loyalty.

Jie

The Confucian virtue of contingency.

Yi

The Confucian virtue of justice/righteousness.

Taoism

A philosophical and religious tradition associated with the Dao De Jing, emphasizing the natural way of behavior and harmony with the universe.

Chi

The universal life-giving force in Taoism, achieved through the balance of yin and yang.

Yin

The feminine, passive aspect in Taoism.

Yang

The masculine, active aspect in Taoism.