NTR 222 Exam 3

Provitamins

need to be converted in order to have vitamin-like activity

Beta-carotene

converted to vitamin A.
Orange pigment

Vitamin C

helps produce collagen, stimulate antibodies, and heal

water soluble vitamins

Vitamins B and C

Thiamin

- B1
- energy in carbohydrates

Riboflavin

-B2
-Energy in carbohydrates
Amino acids to Niacin

Niacin

-B3
Energy metabolism

Pellagra

4 D's: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

Pantothenic Acid

-B5
Energy metabolism

Pyridoxine

-B6
-helps produce insulin, hemoglobin, and antibodies

Biotin

-B7
-energy metabolism

Folate

-B9
- produce RNA and DNA
-megaloblastic anemia

Cabalamine

-B12
-red blood cells and DNA

Fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

Vitamin A

- Preformed Vit. A
-Provitamin A carotenoids
-promotes vision, deficiency can cause irreversible vision problems

Vitamin D

-promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus
-rickets
-osteomalcia

Vitamin E

-neutralizes free radicals
-vegetable oils and nuts

Vitamin K

-makes proteins, calcium metabolism
-trouble blood clotting
-green veggies

Intracellular water

inside cells

Extracellular water

water outside the cells; body fluids

Chemical Structure

-Slightly negative and positive charge

Water Balance

When blood volume decreases, the pituitary produces antidiuretic hormones for the kidneys to increase water absorption; conserving body water

Water Intoxication

Drinking too much water or kidney disorder with reduced urine production

Hyponatremia

low sodium in the blood

Electrolytes

minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance

Calcium

-found in bone and teeth
-allows release of neurotransmitters
-1000mg per day

Phosphorus

-role in production of ATP
-700mg per day

Magnesium

-part of bone crystal
-400 mg for men, 320mg for women

Iron

-helps deliver oxygen to the tissues and cells

Ferritin

protein that iron binds to when stored in liver

Hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

Heme iron

an organic form of iron that is still part of the complex ring structure that makes up hemoglobin

Nonheme iron

the elemental form of iron that is not a part of hemoglobin

Zinc

-Involved in enzymes that break down alcohol
-cofactor for antioxidant

Copper

-Iron use and incorporation into hemoglobin and red blood cells
-900 mg per day

Selenium

-plays in the antioxidant defense system against free radicals
-production of active thyroid hormone
-55mcg

Iodine

-contributes to thyroid hormone
150mcg

Goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland

Fluoride

A substance that helps prevent tooth decay

Fluorosis

too much fluorine causes discoloration and molting of teeth

Chromium

-Facilitates glucose uptake

Minerals

-Inorganic
-variable bioavailability
-nutrient interactions

Calcium Carbonate

40% calcium, hard to digest

Calcium citrate

21% calcium, easy to digest

What is another name for B12?

Cobalamin

What is another name for B1?

Thiamine

Which of the following vitamins is water-soluble?

Vitamin C

Which water soluble vitamins are found in milk?

riboflavin and vitamin B12

Water soluble vitamins are stored in large amounts in the body

False, they are release in urine

Which B vitamin is needed to convert the amino acid tryptophan into niacin?

Riboflavin

Which B vitamin is easily destroyed in UV light?

Riboflavin

What deficiency condition is characterized by the 4D's ?

Pellagra

Getting too much of this vitamin B can disguise a vitamin B12 deficiency

Folate

This vitamin needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed in the small intestines

Cobalomine

What is another name for B6?

Pyridoxine

Which vitamins play an important role in energy production?

B-complex

This vitamins main role in the body is to produce collagen

Vitamin C

Which of the following vitamins is needed for the synthesis of coenzyme A and Acyl carrier protein?

Pantothenic Acid

A deficiency of this vitamin can cause rickets in children

Vitamind D

A deficiency of this vitamin can result in a condition called xerophthalmia

Vitamin A

This vitamin plays an important role in blood clotting.

Vitamin K

Vegetable oils, like safflower and sunflower are good sources of what?

Vitamin E

Enrichment

process for adding back micronutrients that were originally present in the food but were lost during processing

Fortification

Process for adding vitamins and minerals to foods where these nutrients are not normally present

A deficiency of both Vitamin B12 and folate can cause?

Megaloblastic anemia

Which of the following is a good source of vitamin A for a vegan?

Sweet potato

A vitamin A deficiency can cause

eye damage that can be irreversible

Niacin deficiency would be most unlikely in someone with adequate______ intake

Protein

A vitamin C deficiency could cause ____ because of its role in____

anemia; iron absorption

Taking beta-carotene supplements is

not recommended because studies have shown that it can increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers

Good source of niacin, thiamin, and riboflavin

Bread

An excessive intake of ______ could interfere with blood thinning medication

collard greens and spinach

Enrichment is mandatory in

processed grains

Thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin play a role in

deriving energy from carbohydrates

A vitamin K deficiency can cause

bleeding because of its role in blood clotting

Which of the following has the greatest bioavailability?

Folic acid from supplements

Metabolic water

water generated during metabolism

120-139/80-89

prehypertension

140-159/90-99

stage 1 hypertension

< 120/80

normal blood pressure

>160/90

stage 2 hypertension

Diffusion

The movement of electrolytes from an area of greater to lesser concentration

Insensible water loss

sweating and breathing

_____ hormone by pituitary gland to retain water. ______ retains more sodium and water

Antidiuretic; aldosterone

Osmosis

movement of water from high to low concentration

About how much of electrolytes are absorbed?

90-95%

The dietary guidelines for americans recommend limiting sodium intake to

1500mg

Which of the following minerals are considered microminerals?

Copper, Zin, Iron

The absorption of nonheme iron can be improved by also consuming?

Vitamin C

While calcium is needed for muscle contraction, this mineral is needed for muscle relaxation.

Magnesium

This mineral is needed for strengthening connective tissue

Copper

This mineral play a role in bone formation, ATP formation, and is part of DNA and RNA

Phosphorus

The main function of this mineral is facilitating glucose uptake by improving function of the hormone insulin, which transports glucose across cell membrane

Chromium

Which of these minerals are considered macrominerals?

Calcium, magnesium

One of the best sources of magnesium are:

green leafy vegetables

This mineral plays a major role in enzymatic activity in the body.

Zinc

Which of the following features of dietary supplements must be approved by the FDA?

None of the above

_____ can cause irreversible staining of teeth

fluoride toxicity

According to DASHEA, a health claim describes:

A relationship between a food, food component, or dietary supplement ingredient, and reduces the risk of a disease

The mineral most likely to be deficient in the diet worldwide is

Iron