Evolution and Biodiversity Prelim 1

Age of Earth

4.6 billion years old

alveolates

protist group, unicellular, sacs (alveoli) beneath membrane, 2nd endosymbiosis of red algae

cilliates

dinoflagellates

plasmodium

plasmodium

protist alveolate

intracellular parasite - cause malaria

stramenophiles

protist group

2 unequal flagella, 1 has hair

chloroplasts via endosymbiosis of red algae

brown algae

diatoms

brown algae

protist stramenophile

multicelluar

trypanosoma

protist excavate

sleeping sickness, chaga's disease, leishmaniasis

secondary endosymbiosis

eukarya engulfed green algae / red algae

green algae: euglenids

red algae: stramenophiles & alveolates

tertiary endosymbiosis

engulf eukaryote protist that engulfed red algae

dinoflagellates (protist)

Glaucophytes

plant group

base of plant clade, peptidoglycan in chloroplast membrane

green plants

a group within plants that excludes glaucophytes and red algae

includes land plants, vascular plants, seed plants

united by chlorophyll b and starch - allows to photosynthesize with increased wavelengths (sunlight or shade)

land plants

a group of plants that excludes green algae but includes vascular plants, seed plants, and land plants

synapomorphy - waxy layer, cuticle, preventing water loss, retention of embryo

vascular plants

plant group that exclude green plants, land plants

has a vascular system including phloem and xylem

large sporophyte

spore (n) => gametoophyte (n) => sporophyte (2n)

liverworts

land plants (nonvascular) large gametophyte

low to ground in moist areas

hornworts

land plants (nonvascular) large gametophyte

mosses

land plants (nonvascular) large gametophyte

lycophytes

vascular plant

basal group, microphyls, large sporophyte

fern

vascular plant

megaphylls, large sporophyte, spores in cluster under leaves

gymnosperms

"Naked seeds", such as pine cones and other conifers.

angiosperms

seeds enclosed in fruit

double fertilization, fuse 2 nuclei to make triploid endosperm

flowers

Opisthokonts

synapomorphy - singular flagellum at posterior end

include fungi & dikarya

fungi

a group in the Opisthokonts

synapomorphy - chitin in the cell wall, absorptive heterotrophy

hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body

includes: microsporidia, chytrids, arbuscular mycorrhizae, and 2 dikarya (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota)

hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body

hyphae - tubular threads, form body of fungi

mycelium - mass of hyphae, main body of fungi

fruiting body - head of fungi

absorptive heterotrophy

secrete enzymes which digest organic materials and the nutrients are then absorbed into the hyphae

microsporidia

opisthokont fungi

reduced mitochondria, polar tube (infect host cell)

chytrids

opisthokont fungi

flagellated gametes, amphibian killer :( wtf

arbuscular mycorrhizae

opisthokont fungi

plants form symbiotic relationship with this fungus

-hyphae penetrate cell wall, transport water and soil and nutrients to plant

-fungi gets sugars the plant makes

dikarya

synapomorphy - dikaryon stage (2 nuclei), septate hyphae, 2 hyphae from different genetic strains fuse

ascomycota

basidiomycota

ascomycota

opistokont fungi dikarya

produces spores in an ascus - sac fungi

yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) model organism!

lichens

Basidiomycota

opistokont fungi dikarya

spores in basidium

club fungi

what are 3 roles that fungi can have?

predatory fungi

parasitic fungi

mutualistic fungi - mycorrizhae

list if the items below have larger sporophytes or larger gametophytes:

1. ferns

2. mosses

3. lycophytes

4. hornworts

5. liverworts

6. vascular plants

7. nonvascular plants

1. sporophyte

2. gametophyte

3. sporophyte

4. gametophyte

5. gametophyte

6. sporophyte

7. gametophyte

when was the oldest evidence of life?

3.7 billion years ago

Cambrian explosion

A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 540 million years ago.

End of Paleozoic Era

250 mya

End of Mesozoic Era

65 mya

Start of the Anthropocene

10,000 years ago

relative dating

A technique used to determine which of two fossils is older by comparison

strata

horizontal layers of sedimentary rock

Principle of Horizontality

Rock beds were originally deposited horizontally on top of older layers

Principle of Superposition

younger rocks are deposited on top of older rocks

principle of cross-cutting relationships

states that such features are younger than all of the layers they cut through

Principle of Faunal Succession

different fossil species appear/ disappear. in the same order

index fossils

Distinctive fossils used to establish and compare the relative ages of rock layers and the fossils they contain

absolute dating

A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil

radiometric dating

based on natural radioactive decay of certain elements such as C or K

half life

amount of time it takes 1/2 of parent. isotope to decay to daughter isotope

when parent = 50% and daughter = 50%, one half life has occurred

radiocarbon dating

C (parent) => N (daughter)

only useful for recent fossils

K-arg dating and U-pb dating

much much older dating, in the billions

fossils

Preserved remains of once-living organisms

sedimentary rocks

formed. from deposition of sediments falling into body of water

Lagerstatten - give an example

Fossil sites containing abundant fossils with extraordinary preservation

Burgess shale - Cambrian explosion, preservation of soft tissues by rapid burial and no oxygen

List the parent daughter ratio for 0 to 3 half lives

0. 100p/0d

1. 50p/50d

2. 25p/75d

3. 12.5p/87.5d

how do you use absolute dating to date fossils? (explain 2 step math process)

1. identify how many half lives have occurred based on p/d ratio

2. multiply by the time for 1 half life

define a branch, node, taxa, and tip

a line on the tree

where a lineage splits

group of organisms on a tree

terminal end of tree

monophyletic clade

consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

paraphyletic clade

consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

polyphyletic clade

includes species that lack a common ancestor

Synapomorphy

shared derived characteristics

outgroup

group of organisms that is outside of the monophyletic group being considered

homoplasy

character state similarity not due to shared descendant (produced by convergent evolution)

evolutionary reversal

the reversion of a derived character state to its ancestral state

parismony

selection of most compelling hypothesis

homology

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Symplesiomorphy

shared ancestral trait

Phylogram

Branch length is proportional to the amount of character change

chronogram

branch length is proportional to time

closer related species have more similar DNA? (T/F)

slowly evolving characters can show relationship between distantly related taxa? (T/F)

T

T

index case

source outbreak

polytomy

a branch from which more than two groups emerge

characters all of life share

DNA/RNA, semiconservative replication, amino acids, proteins, ATP, cytoplasm, ribosomes

LUCA

unicellular, no organelles

single celled organisms

prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea

prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea, replicate by binary fission, unicellular, can form biofilms

gram positive

group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan

gram negative

group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan

horizontal gene transfer

coccus

sphere shaped bacteria

bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria

spirillum

spiral shaped bacteria

cyanobacteria

photoautotroph (photosynthetic), gave rise to chloroplasts via endosymbiosis

Proteobacteria

bacteria, gave rise to mitochondria via endosymbiosis

-E. coli

-yersinia pestis

-vibrio cholerae

-salmonella

E. coli

a proteobacteria, lives in GI tract, causes food poisoning, model organism

Yersinia pestis

proteobacteria, bubonic plague

Vibrio cholerae

proteobacteria, cholera

salmonella

food poisoning, proteobacteria

spirochetes

bacteria, spiral shaped bacteria with axial filaments, lyme disease, syphilis

Clamydias

bacteria, parasite, eye infections, STDs

How old is the universe?

13.8 billion years

unity of life

RNA/DNA

ATP

codons for amino acids

membranes

stromalites

bacterial mats where minerals get trapped in the bacterial filaments and form layers of rock

archaea are sister taxa to what?

eukarya

viruses

no membrane bound nucleus

no mitochondria

parasites

lack ATP & replication (need host cell)

don't fit anywhere on tree of life

what are the 3 model organisms you have covered so far?

1. E coli - bacteria: proteobacteria

2. arapidpsis thaliana - plant: angiosperm

3. saccharomyes cerevisiae - fungi: ascomycota

Bacteria synapomorphy

peptidoglycan cell wall

Archaea synapomorphy

membrane lipids and ether linked cells

eukaryotes

membrane enclosed nucleus

mitochondria

some w chloroplasts

large and complex

why can eukaryotes be bigger and more complex?

due to infolding leading to an increased surface area to volume ratio, allowing for more favorable energy usage

protists

not a single phylogenetic group

eukarya that aren't plants, fungi, and animals

diverse characteristics

cilliates

protist alveolate

covered with cilia for movement (paramecium)

dinoflagellates

protist alveolate

2 flagella - equatorial and longitudinal

chloroplast via tertiary endosymbiosis

endosymbionts of coral (coral quaternary endosymbiosis)

diatoms

protist stramenophile

silica - pretty shell