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sources of medicine

plants, human and animals, minerals, synthetic

natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms

biology

plant/vegetable kingdom, from a greek word botanè which means pasture, grass, or fodder

botany

greek word that means pasture, grass, or fodder

botanè

animal kingdom, study of animals

zoology

examines the rudimentary chemistry of life

biochemistry

examines the physical and chemistry functions of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism

physiology

examines how various organism interact and associate with their environment

ecology

included in the study of life and living organisms (biology)

structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, taxonomy

basic unit of life

cells

products of evolution

new species and inherited traits

basic unit of heredity

genes

kind of environment that an organism regulate to maintain a stable and constant condition

internal

consumed and transformed by living organisms

energy

a term used to refer to root collectors that gather medicinal herbs and prepare them for the pharmacopolai

rhizotomoi

term used to refer to "drug vendors"

pharmacopolai

a Greek philosopher who wrote 10 books on the "History of Plants"

Theophrastus of Eresus

a Greek physician who wrote the book "De Materia Medica" which included a number of descriptions of medicinal plants

Pedanios Dioscorides

father of Pharmacology; founder of pharmacy as science

Pedanios Dioscorides

Roman author of the book "Historia Naturalis"

Pliny the Elder

book that describes 1000 medicinal plants

Historia Naturalis

Graeco

roman who coined the word "Galenicals"

term formerly used to refer to the preparation of plant and animal drugs, now used to refer to the preparation of cosmetics (cream, ointment, etc.)

galenicals

wrote a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, "Novum Dispensatorium"

Valerius Cordus

known as the "Bible of Pharmacists"

pharmacopoeia

pharmacopoeia written by Valerius Cordus which includes the chemical properties and the preparation of medicines

Novum Dispensatorium

Italian botanist that wrote "De Plantis," the first textbook of botany

Cesalpino

Swedish botanist who wrote the book "Species Plantarum" which described the binomial system of classification (genus and species)

Carolus Linnaeus

book written by Carolus Linnaeus which described the binomial system of classification (genus and species)

Species Plantarum

13 departments of botany

plant morphology, plant embryology, plant physiology, taxonomy/systematic botany, plant ecology, plant genetics, phytopathology, phytogeography, phytopaleontology, mycology, bryology, algology, economic or applied botany

department of botany that studies the parts or structure of plants

plant morphology

under plant morphology; deals with the external characteristics of plants and their parts or organs

Macromorphology/Gross Anatomy of Plants

under plant morphology; considers the minute or microscopic structure of plants and plant tissues

Micromorphology/Plant Histology

under plant morphology; deals with plant cells and their contents

plant cytology

3 studies of plants under plant morphology

macromorphology/gross anatomy of plants, micromorphology/plant histology, plant cytology

department of botany that deals with the study of the life processes or functions of plants (nutrition, growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc.)

plant embryology

classification or arrangement of plants in groups in accordance with their relationships to one another

Taxonomy/Systematic Botany

department of botany that deals with plants in relation to their environment

plant ecology

department of botany that deals with the coming into being of new individuals or races of plants

plant genetics

department of botany that deals with the diseases of plants

phytopathology/plant pathology

department of botany that deals with the distribution of plants upon the earth

phytogeography/plant geography

refers to the appearance of an individual plant in its entirety

habit

refers to where a plant grows in its environment

habitat

department of botany that deals with historical plants traceable in their fossil remains

phytopaleontology/geologic botany

department of botany that deals with fungi

mycology

department of botany that deals with mosses and liverworts

bryology

department of botany that deals with algae

algology

department of botany where pharmaceutical botany, pharmacognosy, agronomy, horticulture, forestry, and plant breeding fall under

economic/applied botany

6 studies of plants that are under economic/applied botany

pharmaceutical botany, pharmacognosy, agronomy, horticulture, forestry, plant breeding

under economic/applied botany; botany of drug, spice, dye, and poisonous plants

pharmaceutical botany

under economic/applied botany; history, commerce, selection, identification, valuation, and preservation of crude drugs

pharmacognosy

under economic/applied botany; deals with crop plants

agronomy

under economic/applied botany; cultivation of garden or orchard plants

horticulture

under economic/applied botany; management of forests and of timber plants

forestry

under economic/applied botany; growing of improved races of plants

plant breeding

how to study pharmaceutical botany

morphology of plants, taxonomy, elementary physiology of plants, medicinal applications

without plants, there would be no ___ for all living animals

food

plants provide ___

oxygen

supply ___ to build homes, ships, and furniture

timber

___ and ___ to manufacture clothing and paper

hair, fibers

provides ___ from coal

fuel

___ and ___ to season our food

spices, flavoring

___ and ___ to manufacture perfume, paint, soap, and varnish

oil, resins

used to manufacture ___ to control insects

insecticides

they lessen ___ and cool the environment

pollution

plants are sources of ___

drugs

first to formulate a scientific argument for the theory of evolution

Charles Darwin

process that is inferred from three facts about populations

evolution by natural selection

the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce

evolution by natural selection

more ___ are produced than can possibly survive

offspring

___ vary among individuals, leading to differential rates of survival and reproduction

traits

trait differences are ___

heritable

theory that says the universe began at least 15 billion years ago when the first clouds of the elements hydrogen and helium were formed

evolution of cosmos

theory that says that the first clouds (hydrogen and helium) collapsed to form a new generation of stars and solar systems

evolution of cosmos

theory that says that the Earth is formed at a distance from the sun where conditions were favorable and the necessary ingredients were available

evolution of cosmos

life began during the first billion years of an Earth history (4.5 billion years old) where sugar, amino acids, and nucleotides made up the atmosphere then first developed the RNA and DNA molecules

the prebiotic earth

most of life's history involved the biochemical evolution of single

celled microorganisms, individual fossilized microbes are found in rocks 3.5 billion years old, and the oldest microbial communities (mound

oldest known macrofossils

stromatolites

stage where the evolution of the plants and animals occurred in the last 550 million years (appearance of fish, amphibians, reptiles, etc.)

evolution of advanced life

stage that implies that given the huge number of stars known to exist in the universe, life has very likely also developed elsewhere

the future

father of cytology

Robert Hooke

component of water

hydrogen

inorganic elements in plants

common elements, macronutrients, micronutrients

inorganic elements in plants: common elements

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

backbone of all organic molecules

carbon

component of water; aerobic respiration

oxygen

inorganic elements in plants: macronutrients

nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium

proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, alkaloids

nitrogen

regulates water uptake; enzyme activation

potassium

synthesizes pectin in cell wall; enzyme activation involved in chemical communication in cells

calcium

part of chlorophyll and some enzymes; stabilization of ribosomes

magnesium

part of phosphate in energy

transfer molecules. nucleic acids, coenzymes, and phospholipids

proteins and some enzyme cofactors

sulfur

inorganic elements in plants: micronutrients

chlorine, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, nickel

photosynthesis

chlorine

chlorophyll synthesis; part of active site of many important oxidation

reduction enzymes

translocation of sugars

boron

prevalent enzyme activating metal in plants

manganese

enzyme activator; occurs in plastocyanons

zinc

electron

carrier of photosynthesis