Chapter 6: The Human Body

anatomy

a field of study that focuses on the physical structure of the body and its systems

physiology

examines the normal functions and activities of these biological components

pathophysiology

the study of functional changes that accompany a particular disease or syndrome

umbilicus

the navel; also called the belly button

topographic anatomy

the superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

anatomic position

the position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

coronal (frontal) plane

an imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts

sagittal (lateral) plane

an imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts

midsaggital (midline) plane

an imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves

transverse (axial) plane

an imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts

cells to systems

cells to tissues to organs to organ systems

skeletal system

the framework of the body, composed of bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues

how many bones compose the skeletal systems

206

division of the skeletal system

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

axial skeleton

the part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

coccyx

the last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone

thoracic cage

the chest or rib cage

appendicular skeleton

the part of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

joint

the place where two bones come into contact; also called an articulation

ligaments

bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones.

also support and strengthen a joint

cartilage

the smooth connective tissue that forms the structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones

tendons

the fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

symphyses

joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection; only slight motion is possible

what do ligaments do?

they support and strengthen a joint

what does cartilage form?

the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear

joint capsule

the fibrous sac that encloses a joint

sacroiliac joint

the connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column

articular cartilage

a pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints

synovial membrane

the lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space; on the inner lining of the joint capsule, responsible of making synovial fluid

synovial fluid

the small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication; allows the bone to glide over each other as opposed to rubbing and grating

articulation

same thing as a joint

synovial joint

freely moveable joints; type of joint found between bones that move against each other, such as the joints of the libs (ex: shoulder, hip, elbow and knee)

motion in a sacroiliac joint

little motion because it is surrounded by tough and thick ligaments

ball-and-socket joint

a joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending

hinge joints

joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane

flexion

the bending of a joint

extension

the straightening of a joint

examples of a ball-and-socket joint

shoulder joint and wrist joint

examples of a hinge joint

finer joint, elbow joint, knee joint

cranium

the part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones

frontal bones

the bones of the cranium that form the forehead

temporal bones

the lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples

parietal bones

the bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

occipital bone

the most posterior bone of the cranium

how many bones does the skull consist of?

28

three groups of the skull bones

the cranium, the facial bones, and the three small bones in the ear

foramen magnum

a large opening at the base of the skull through the brain which connects to the spinal cord

maxillae

the upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth

mandible

the bone of the lower jaw

zygomas

the quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone

orbit

the eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma

another word for zygomas

the cheek bones

another word for orbit

the eye socket

nasal bones

form the bridge of the nose

how are the 28 bones of the skull spaced out?

14 bones include the upper jaw bones (maxillae), the lower jaw bone (mandible) and the cheek bones (zygomas).

the orbit (eye socket) is a cavity formed by the joining of multiple facial cones.

the nasal bones form the bridge of the nose

the remaining two thirds consist of flexible cartilage

vertebral column

the structure formed by the vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks.

it houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column

vertebrae

the bones of the vertebral column

how many sections can the vertebrae be divided into

5

the 5 sections of the vertebra

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx

cervical spine

the portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck

thoracic spine

the 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae.

one pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae

lumbar spine

the lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine

sacrum

one of three bones (sacrum and pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring

intervertebral disks

tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers

what does the sacrum consist of?

consists of five fused sacral vertebrae

what are vertebrae connected by?

ligaments

what is the purpose of the ligaments and disks in the vertebral column?

they permit a limited degree of motion, while preventing any extreme movement that might harm the spinal cord

thorax

the chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels (the aorta, superior and inferior venae cavae)

sternum

the breast bone

manubrium

the upper quarter of the sternum

xiphoid process

the narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

how many main parts does the sternum have?

3

the 3 main parts of the sternum

manubrium, the sternal body, the xiphoid process

what does the superior edge of the manubrium form?

the sternal notch

pectoral girdle

the supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton.

it comprises of the clavicles and scapulae; also called the shoulder girdle

clavicle

the collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula

scapula

the shoulder blade

what is the pectoral girdle comprised of?

the clavicle and the scapula

humerus

the supporting bone of the upper arm

radius

the bone on the thumb side of the forearm

ulna

the inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb

carpals

small bones that compose the wrist

metacarpals

bones of the hand, situated between the carpals and phalanges

phalanges

the bones of the fingers and toes

pelvic girdle

the supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton

coxae

the hip bones

ilium

one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

ischium

one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

pubis

one of three bones that form the pelvic ring

pubic symphysis

a hard, body, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion

acetabulum

the depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly

singular form of coxae

coxa

what does the pubic symphysis do?

joins the left and right pubic bones and limits movement between these two bones

what does the acetabulum do?

forms the socket in your pelvis where the femoral head (upper end of the femur) connects to form a all-and-socket joint

femur

the thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

fermoral head

the proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint

greater trochanter

a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint

lesser trochanter

the projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur

order of the bones from pelvic girdle down

pelvis, femoral head, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

patella

the knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle