TCWD additional!

Demography

is the study of human populations – their size, composition and distribution across space – and the process through which populations change.

Demographics

of the world include population density, ethnicity, education level, health measures, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the human population of the planet Earth.

Before the start of the demographic transition:

life was short, births were many, growth was slow and the population was young

During the transition:

First mortality and then fertility declined, causing population growth rates first to accelerate and then to slow again, moving toward low fertility, long life and an old population.

Birth Rate

number of births per 1000 individual per year

Death Rate (Mortality)

The percentage of people who die relative to the country's population (annual)

Fertility Rate

Total number of children borne by a woman at a point of time during her child-bearing age (15 to 45 years)

Immigration

permanent arrival of an individual to the population.

o Act of entering a foreign country, often for permanent residency

o Entering a foreign country

o Movement into a different country

Emigration

leave the group for different reasons

o Act of leaving one's own country often to settle permanently in another country

o Leaving the home country

Expectation of life

at a given age is the average number of years which a person of that age may expect to live, according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country.

Japan

the country leading length of lives expectancy.

Median age

the age that divides a population into two numerically equally sized groups - that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index that summarizes the age distribution of a population

Malthusian Theory

- Overpopulation and Massive Poverty.

- Thomas malthus (1766-1834) thoerized pessimistically that population was uncontrollable.

- Population is growing faster than the resources we can use that can result into a calamity.

Demograph Transition Model

- This model predicts that, as a country develops, high birth rates and high death rates will fall.

- This model also predicts that countries will pass through periods of industrialization and urbanization on the way to reduced birth and death rates.

Migration

means crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum period (Boyle et al. 1998)

Internal Migration

- the movement of people from one area like a province, a district, or municipality to another within one country.

- Do not pose a problem of brain drain

- Semi-skilled and unskilled workers.

International Migration

- the crossing the frontiers which separate one of the worlds approximately 200 states from another.

- Pose a serious problem of brain drain of highly educated people working for other country ‘s progress.

- Mostly, professional and skilled people

Highly skilled and business migrants

People with qualifications such as the managers, executives, professionals, technicians, and the like, who move within the internal labor markets of transnational corporations and international organizations.

Irregular migrants

(Undocumented or illegal migrants). They enter the country in search for employment with no necessary documents and permits.

Refugees

Those who are unable or unwilling to return to their country because of a ‗well-founded fear or persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion.

Asylum seekers

Those who move across borders in search protection.

Family Members

Also known as family reunion or family reunification migrants.

Return Migrants

Those who return to their countries of origin after a period in another country.

Push factors

the reason why people leave an area.

• Lack of services

• Lack of safety

• High crime

• Flooding

• Poverty

• War

Pull factors

the reason why people move to a particular area.

• Higher employment

• More wealth

• Better services

• Good Climate

• Safer, less crime

• Politically stability

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

defined in the Brundtland Report as ―development that meets the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs‖.

Ulrich Beck

coined the term ―risk society

Stability

• Firmness in position , permanence and resistance to change are the words associated with stability.

• The International Monetary Fund, 2012 defines it as avoiding large swings I economic activity, high inflation, excessive volatility in exchange rates and financial markets.

Sustainability

the process of maintaining change in a balanced fashion, in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.

super bean

a fastmaturing, high-yield variety, is being promoted by Uganda‘s government and agriculture experts amid efforts to feed hunger-prone parts of Africa, the AP reports.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.

First paradigm shift

late 1970‘s and early 1980‘s in which the academic and policy discourse on food security witnessed a shift away from the rather limiting focus on food availability and supply as the core concerns of food security

second paradigm shift

highlighted the importance of livelihood security as a key household priority and component of food security, shaping decisions around whether or not to go hungry in the short term

third shift

indicates a move away from a purely caloriecounting approach to food security, to one that incorporates subjective measures of what it means to be food-secure, including access to food that is preferable

Food security

exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary need and food preferences for an active and healthy life

Global Citizenship

the idea of all people have rights and civic responsibilities that come with being a member of the world, with whole world philosophy and sensibilities, rather than as a citizen of a particular nation or place

Global Citizen

someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community ‘s values and practices.