MSTE PART 2 (TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING)

Alligator cracking

a series of interconnected of interfaced cracks caused by fatigue failure of the asphalt concrete surface under repeated traffic loading

Amplitude

the height between the trough and the crest of a wave

Asphatic Concret

a layer consisting of properly designed mix od coarse aggregate fine aggregate, a filler and a bituminous binder

Average speed

the average of the spot speeds of all vehicles passing a given point in the highway

Barriers

highway appurtenances designed to prevent vehicular penetration from the travel way to areas behind the barrier such as to minimize damage to impacting vehicles and their occupants and to reduce the risk of injuries to pedestrians and workers

Base

the component of the road structure which receives the traffic load and transfer it to the subgrade

Base courses

this normally consists of aggregates such as gravel and crushed rock

Basic capacity

the max number of passenger cars that can pads a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possible be attained

Batching

process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates and additives prior to mixing concrete

Bathymetry

the physical configuration of the seabed, the measurements of depths of water in the ocean, etc. and also information derived from such measurement

Beuforts Scale

an instrument use to measure intensity of wind

Bitt

the mooring fitting for mooring ships during a storm installed close to the water line of the berth

Bitumen carpet

a 20 mm thick premix bitumen layer over which is laid a seal coat

Bleeding or flushing

the exuding of bitumen onto the pavement surface causing a reduction in skid resistance

Block cracking

cracks forming large interconnected polygons, usually with sharp corners or angles. These cracks are generally caused by hardening and shrinkage of the asphalt and/or reflection cracking from underlying layers such as cement treated base

Blowups

localized upward buckling and shattering of the slabs at traverse joins or cracks

Breakwater

the structure that protects harbor from stormy waves and permits calm in the harbor

Braking distance

distance traveled by the vehicle after the application of the brakes until it will stop

Breaking waves

waves which fall forward since the forward velocity of the crest particles exceeds the velocity of propagation of the wave itself. In deep water, this normally occurs when the wave length L is less than 7 times the wave height H (L < 7H) and in shallow water when the depth d is approximately equal to 1.25 H

Breasting dolphins

Type of dolphins which are designed to take the impact of the ship when docking and to hold the ship against a broadside wind. Therefore, they are provided with fenders to absorbed the impact of the ship and to protect the dolphin and the ship from damage.

Bollard

a vertical post to which the eye of a morring line can be attached / - the mooring fitting for mooring ships during a storm installed at the outside or outside/inside of the berth far from the waterline

Broken back curve

these consist of two curves in the same direction separated by a short tangent

Bulkhead

a structure for retaining or to prevent earth or fill from sliding into water

Capacity

the maximum sustained 15 min rate of flow, expressed in passenger cars per hour per lane, which can be accommodated by a uniform freeway segment under prevailing traffic and roadway conditions in one direction

Catch point

the points at which the cut or fill slopes intersect the existing ground

Chevron markings

markings that are often used to guide traffic into the right turning

Circular curves

these are usually laid out in the field by occupying the tangent to curve point TC with a transit and then establishing successive points by turning deflection angles and measuring chords

Clapotis

the pressure against a vertical wall due to waves

Concrete

this term refers to any material consisting of a mixture of aggregates, such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone, fastened together by cement

Compound curve

these result when two curves of differing radius join one another

Construction joint

joints provided in concrete cement pavement is suspended

Continously reinforced concrete pavements

a type of rigid pavement, which has no transverse joints, except construction joints or expansion joints when they are necessary at specific positions such as at bridges. This type of pavement is typically used on high-volume, high-speed roadways

Cost of borrow

this is the cost of any material that has to be obtained off job site in order to make a fill

Crossing conflicts

this traffic conflict occurs when they cross paths directly

Cross slope

these are normally specified in m/m or in percentages. In railway practice, cross slopes may be expressed in millimeters that the high rail is above the low rail, since there is a standard horizontal distance maintained between rails

Curing

the process of providing the required water and maintaining a favorable temperature for a period of time after placing concrete

Cut or excavation

the existing ground is above the construction section

Drainage

primary consideration in the design of geometric cross sections for highways, runways, and taxi ways

Deep water waves

waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wavelength is greater than 0.5

Delay

difference between the actual travel time and a given segment of a transportation system and some ideal travel time for that segment

Delineator

light retro reflecting devices mounted at the side of the roadway in series to indicate the roadway alignment

Density

it is defined as the number of vehicles per unit distance occupying a section of roadway at a given instant time and is usually measured in vehicles per mile or per km

Design speed

defines as the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified section of highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features of highway govern

Diagonal markings

markings which are placed on sealed shoulders or other sealed portion of the road where traffic is not desired.

Diffraction

the spread of energy along a wave crest

Distance gaps

defined as the fraction of time that vehicles are present at a point in space

Distance separation

the reciprocal of density which is usually measure in vehicles per mile or per kilometer

Diurnal tides

tide which occurs only one high tide a day

Diverging

the process by which a vehicle in a traffic stream leaves that traffic stream, such as a vehicle leaving the outside lane if an expressway

Diverging conflicts

this traffic conflict occurs when vehicles leave the traffic stream

Drainage

the primary consideration in the design of geometric cross sections for highways, runaways, and taxiways

Drip track raveling

progressive disintegration of the surface between the heel paths caused by dripping of a gasoline or oil from vehicles

Dry dock

an artificial basin for vessels when the basin is pumped out

Duration

the time that a wind blows across the water

Earthwork

these quantities are normally expressed as volumes, in metric units, they are given in cubic meters

Elevation

these are in meters above some datum; usually this datum is mean sea level, but it may be any arbitrary scale

Emotion

the time linked with the two stages perception and intellection based on a particular traffic situation like fear or anger which has a vital influence on the final message or decision sent by the brain to the muscle

Estimates

these includes cost estimates for various parts of the project and are used too evaluate the acceptability of bids and financial feasibility of the project

Expressway

divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separations at major intersection

Facility oriented organization

primarily involved in planning designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating fixed facilities

Fairway

an open water with navigable depth

Faulting

elevation difference between adjacent slabs at traverse joints. This is usually the result of pumping and is a major source of Portland concrete pavement

Fetch

the distance that the wind blows over the sea in generating the waves is known as:

Fill or embankment

the existing ground is above the construction section

Fixed mooring berth

A marine structure consisting of dolphins for tying up the ship and a platform for supporting the cargo handling equipment.

Flashing lamps

- warning devices use to supplement either controls and devices necessary to alert motorist of construction and maintenance activities of obstruction in roadway

Flexible

a pavement which has negligible flexural strength

Flow

defines as the number of vehicles per unit time passing a point in space and is usually expressed in vehicles per hour

Free haul distance

the cost of excavation normally includes the cost of removing the material from its existing state, hauling it up to some specified distance

Gap

Th headway in a major stream, which is evaluated by a vehicle driver in a minor stream who wishes to merge into the major stream

Geoemtric cross section

this view has elevation as its vertical axis and horizontal distance, measured perpendicular to the centerline, as its horizontal axis

Geotextiles

these are sometimes used in constructing pavements. These are used to add strength, control moisture, and prevent the movement of fine materials into drainage layers

Grade

expressed as decima fractions or as percentages

Grade separation

these traffic solutions eliminates the crossing conflicts by placing the conflicting traffic streams at different elevations at their point of intersection

Gravity waves

Waves are formed by the frictional drag of wind across the water surface. This is a process of transferring energy from wind to water. Water particles are moved from their position by the wind, and then returned to the original position by gravity, which is a restoring force.

Groin

a shore protection structure usually built perpendicular to the coastline to retard littoral transport of sedimentary materials

Guide sign

inform and advice road users of directions, distance, routes, the location of services and points of interests

Haul

the product of a volume of materials times the average distance it is hauled

Headway

the reciprocal of flow is the average time separation in the traffic stream and is usually measured in seconds

Highest wave

A maximum wave height and wave period of the maximum wave height in wave train.

Horizontal Control

this type of control on the object on the job site is commonly identified as primary, secondary and working

Horizontal tangents

these are described in terms of their lengths and their directions

Immediate water waves

waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is less than 0.5 but greater than 0.40

Intellection

- after perception occurs, the formation of new thoughts and ideas, recalling old memories of similar occasions to a particular traffic situation

Jetty

a solid structure, which projects into the sea perpendicular to the shore to berth vessels

Joint or crack spailling

the breakdown or disintegration of slab edges at joints or cracks, usually resulting in the ;ss of sound concrete and the progressive widening of the joint or crack

Lag distance

distanced traveled by the vehicle during the total reaction time

Leeward side

the opposite side of a structure facing the direction from which the wind comes

Limit of economic haul

the longest distance material should ever be hauled

Longitudinal cracking

cracks approximately at right angles to the pavement center line. These are caused by poorly constructed construction joints and shrinkage of the asphalt concrete surface; they may also be reflective cracks

Mass diagram

calculation of optimum haul strategies and earthwork costs is done

Mastic asphalt

a mixture of bitumen, fine aggregate and filler in suitable proportion heated to about 200 C in special cooker and laid

Maximum free speed

the maximum speed that cab be attained on a highway as the flow tends to zero

Mean free speed

the maximum speed that can be attained on a highway as the flow tend to be zero

Merging

the process by which a vehicle in on traffic stream joins another traffic steam moving in the same direction such as a ramp vehicle joining a freeway stream

Merging conflicts

this traffic occurs when vehicles enter a traffic stream

Macroscopic

these models of traffic flow describe the relationship among flow, speed and density

Microscopic

these models of traffic flow describe the motion of individual vehicles and their interactions with one another

Mixed diurnal tides

if one of the two daily tide is incomplete that is it does not reach the height of the previous tide, then the tides

Mole

A breakwater is a structure constructed for the purpose of forming an artificial harbor with a water area so protected from the effect of sea waves as to provide safe shipping. When a accommodations for breakwater supports a roadway