Promoting Healthy Populations: Exam 2

what age do most students start smoking if they smoke

11

Besides smoking, what are other ways to get nicotine into one's system

smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, dip)

what are the 5 A's from the USPSTF

ask about tobacco use, advise quitting, assess willingness to quit, assist to quit attempt, arrange for follow-up

what are the effects of smokeless tobacco on oral health

can lead to oral cancer (areca)

what health risks are seen in women over 35 who smoke more the 15 cigarettes in a day and use oral contraceptives

increased risk for cardiovascular diseases such as blood clots, heart attacks, and stroke

how does smoking affect the risk of osteoporosis

women have a 31% higher chance

what are some screening tools used to assess alcohol use/abuse

Michigan alcohol screening test and alcohol use disorders identification test

what is primary prevention

education to prevent a disease

what is secondary prevention

screenings and cures

what is tertiary prevention

focus on rehabilitation to help people attain and retain an optimal level of functioning

why are health screening valuable tools

help identify acute and chronic conditions and risk factors before the condition becomes costly both in financial terms and in quality of life

besides the primary objective of health screenings, what else can we accomplish

empowers individuals to make informed choices regarding their health, reduced disease progression, early disease treatment, reduced health care costs

what are disadvantages to health screenings

imperfections and margin of errors, cost, follow-up is not guaranteed, difficulty engaging in screening and follow-up

sensitivity definiton

the proportion of people who correctly test positive when screened

specificity definition

measures the tests ability to recognize negative reactions or non-diseased individuals

what are key organizations that provide guidelines for health screenings

american cancer society, U.S. preventative services task force, american college of obstetricians and gynecologists, national cancer institute

what age range should women start yearly mammograms

40-44

why would an MRI be recommended as a screening tool for breast cancer

an MRI can pick up some tissue that a mammogram sometimes cannot

what age should women be screened for cervical cancer

21 (pap smear)

what age group gets the best benefits from colorectal cancer screening

50-75

what is alternative to having a colonoscopy to detect colon cancer if a patient does not want to get one

stool based tests

what does a D rating from the USPSTF tell you about the benefit of a particular health screening

not recommended

what rating does the USPSTF give the PSA antigen test for screening for prostate cancer

D

what should a person's total cholesterol reading be under

< 200mg/dL

what should a person's HDL-C reading be over

> 40 mg/dL

what is a live/attenuated vaccine

contain a modified living version of microorganisms

what is an inactivated vaccine

contains a dead microorganism

who should not get a live vaccine

pregnant women, immunocompromised, and infants

why is herd immunity so important

protects those who are not eligible for certain vaccines

what is active immunity

when immunity results from productions of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen (vaccines)

what is passive immunity

when immunity results from introductions of antibodies from another person or animal (antibodies through placenta or breast milk)

what is the claim of connection between vaccines and autism spectrum disorder

thimerosal (ingredient) is a concern. But there is nothing that directly relates the two

hepatitis B vaccine

viral infection that causes liver disease

rotavirus vaccine

virus that causes diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain

diptheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP)

diptheria: breathing problems and paralysis
tetanus (lockjaw): tightening of muscles in jaw
pertussis (whooping cough): coughing spells and pneumonia

haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate (HIB) vaccine

prevents haemophilus influenzae bacterium that causes meningitis, pneumonia, and death

pneumococcal vaccine (PCV)

Protects against pneumococcal bacterial infection (Streptococcus pneumoniae) that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis & death

Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine

measles: rash, fever, headache, deafness, meningitis, and death
mumps: fever, headache, deafness, meningitis, and death
rubella: rash, fever, arthritis, miscarriage, and death

inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)

highly infectious viral disease that attacks the central nervous system

varicella vaccine

Live attenuated virus (chickenpox)

human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV)

asymptomatic virus that spread skin-skin through sexual contact

influenza vaccine

inactivated flu

meningococcal conjuate vaccine

protects against A, C, W, Y

meningococcal B vaccine

only protects against serogroup B

hepatitis A vaccine

against hepatitis A viral infection that causes jaundice, diarrhea, fever, and weakness

who should get the flu shot

everyone 6 months of age and get it every season

physical changes for infants

length (first 6 months), weight (lose 5-10% of birth weight, doubles by 5-6 months, triple by 12 months), OFC (1 cm per month)

motor development (2-4 months) in infants

smile by 2 months (control eye movement)
gross: lifts head when on stomach, sits with support, begin to roll from side to back
fine: bring objects to mouth, looks at and plays with fingers

motor development (4-6 months) in infants

gross: turns from abdomen to back, gain control of head and arms
fine: has purposeful grasping, hold baby bottle, pulls feet-mouth

motor development (6-8 months) in infants

gross: gain control of trunk and hands, sit alone without support, move from sitting to kneeling, stand and support on furniture

motor development (8-10 months) in infants

gross: crawls, pulls body with arms, pulls self to standing or sitting
fine: picks up small objects, pinchers grasp, show hand performace

motor development (10-12 months) in infants

gross: stands alone, walks wobbly alone
fine: place objects in container, puncher grasp intact, hold pen/crayon and mark on paper, plays pat-a-cake

cognitive changes in infants (birth-1 month)

innate behaviors, reflexes, sensory functions (crying is main communication) and exploration of environment with limited motor

cognitive changes in infants (1-12 months)

exploration of environment with reaching and grasping, senses develop rapidly

psychosocial changes in infants

attachment bond, purposeful smiling, stage 1 play

physical changes in toddlers

grows 2-3 inches per year, gains 4-6 lbs per year, continue to measure head circumference

motor development (12-18 months) in toddlers

gross: creeps up stairs, walks alone
fine: grasps crayons and scribbles

motor development (2-3 years) in toddlers

runs, jumps off things, hope, throw/catches, pushes tricycle with feet, starts to be self sufficient

cognitive changes (12-18 months)

knows what ordinary things (phone, brush, spoon), points to others, points to 1 body part, scribbles, can follow 1 step verbal commands

cognitive changes by 2 years

Finds things even when hidden under two or three covers,Begins to sort shapes and colors, Completes sentences and rhymes in familiar books, Plays simple make-believe games, Builds towers of 4 or more blocks, Might use one hand more than the other

psychosocial changes of toddlers

gain sense of autonomy, still attached to parents (fear of abandonment), temper tantrums, and parallel play

physical changes of preschool

growth slows but continues (4lbs and 2in per year), large and fine muscle coordination

motor development of preschool

3 years: climb, run, pedal a tricycles, climb stairs
4 years: hop, pour/cut, catch bounced ball
5 years: stand on 1 foot for 10 seconds, hop, skin, somersault, use fork and spoon to eat, use toilet

cognitive changes by 3 years

work with toys with buttons, levers, moving parts, copies a circle with pencil/crayon, turns book pages 1 at a time, plays make-believe with a doll, animal, people, builds block towers with 6 or more, understand what "two" means, turns door handle

cognitive changes by 4 years

names some colors and numbers, draws a person with 2-3 body parts, understands the idea of counting, uses safety scissors, starts to understand time, plays board/card games, understands "same" and "different", tells you what she/he are thinking

psychosocial changes in preschool

expanding influence (primary caregivers still more important, peer and older siblings gaining influences), imaginary friends (practice communication), play (associative play, cooperative play)

physical changes in school age

consistent growth (slow and steady until skeletal growth spurt before puberty, 2 inches and 4-6 pounds per year), improved coordination, fine motor development

motor development in school age

increased running speed, normal skipping and side stepping, vertical increases, accurate hopping and jumping from place to place, increased ability with throwing, catching, kicking, dribbling a ball is smooth and even

cognitive changes in school age

thinks in organized, logical, fashion about concrete information, can use skills to problem solve, learning disabilities begin to manifest in this age group

psychosocial changes in school age

family provides sense of security (also provide framework for socially accepted behaviors), increasing independence and maturity (building peer group, broaden interest outside of home, more responsibility in home and community

physical changes in adolscent

increased growth spurt, puberty, primary sexual characteristics (essential for reproduction), secondary sexual characteristics (nonessential), tanner staging: sexual maturity

cognitive changes in adolescent

overall capacity increase at slower rate, memory strategies to improve, knowledge continues to be more organized, time orientation

psychosocial changes in adolescents

changing roles, peer groups, self perception and body image, challenge authority, personality develop and changes

physical changes in young adult

stable period of physical development (except pregnancy), usually quite active, tend to ignore symptoms

cognitive changes in young adult

critical thinking habits increase, formal and informal education experiences affect problem solving and motor skills

psychosocial changes in young adult

maturing relationships and roles (developing of enduring friendships, decisions on intimate relationships, formation of family units), insecurity with life and or career can cause stress, re-evaluation of basic values and strengths

physical changes of middle age

affects on self-esteem (graying hair, wrinkles), perimenopause and menopause (mood swings, nervousness, fatigue, depression, hormonal therapy, alternative products)

psychosocial changes in middle age

midlife crisis, family, multiple responsibilities and stress, caring for aged parents, divorce

perceptual changes in middle aged

prebyopia, glaucoma, decreased visual sensitivity and peripheral vision, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, presbycusis, diminished taste

physical changes in older adults

functional status in older adults include the ADLs involving activities when physical,, changes are usually linked to illness or to disease and degree of chronicity, performance of ADLs is a sensitive indicator of health or illness

cognitive changes of older adult

can continue to learn, keeping active and engaged in daily life can help cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment

psychosocial changes in older adults

loss of former roles, child, sibling spouse, grand-parenting (newer role), retirement

what does WHO and AAP recommend for infants to eat solids

6 months

when does the AAO recommend time for breast feeding

first 6 months

what are anticipatory guidelines

given by healthcare professionals to assist parents and guardians in the understanding of the expected growth and development

why should cow's milk be avoided in infants younger than 12 months

could increase risk of intestinal bleeding, has too many proteins and minerals for kidneys to handle easily and does not have right amount of nutrients your baby needs

why should honey be avoided in those younger than 12 months

can cause botulism

why should bedtime bottles be avoided

could draw liquid into the lungs and cause them to choke

toileting should be achieved by when

27 months to 3 years

what is parallel play

children play with similar toys in similar ways, but not together

when does the AAP recommend screening for autism

18 to 24 months

what is amblyopia

lazy eye

what is the AAP's BP screening recommended

18 years old

what is the pregnancy rate for adolescents15-19 year olds

15.4 per 1000, decreasing

what percent of adolescents report being sexually active

13-15% before 15
45% before 17
70% before 19

what health screenings are recommended for young adults males and females

depression and anxiety

what is delirium

acute confusional state, results in confusion and other disruptions in thinking and behavior, including changes in perception, attention, mood, and activity level

what is dementia

causes by damage to brain cells, umbrella term for memory loss

health concerns specific to older adult

falls, osteoporosis, preventing injury, influenza, pneumococcal infections, tuberculosis

what STIs are bacterial

gonorrhea, syphillis, chlamydia