Biomed Lecture Exam 4

Nervous and endocrine systems are long distance \____________________ systems

communication

main function of nervous and endocrine system

maintain homeostasis

2 forms of nervous system communication

electrical and chemical signaling

nervous system is fast and short acting, what is endocrine system

slow and long acting

what is the endocrine system

series of glands and tissues that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

do endocrine glands have ducts

no

what feedback intensifies change

positive

childbirth is an example of what type of feedback loop

positive

blood glucose regulation is what type of feedback

negative

what feedback reverses change

negative

GH function

promotes growth of body tissues

PRL target

mammary glands

PRL function

milk production

TSH target

thyroid

TSH function

stimulates thyroid hormone release

ACTH target

adrenal gland

ACTH function

stimulates the adrenal hormone release

FSH and LH target

gonads

ADH target

kidneys

ADH function

water retention

oxytocin target

female reproductive system

oxytocin function

uterine contraction in childbirth

T3 and T4 function

basal metabolic rate

calcitonin target

bone

calcitonin function

reduces blood calcium

PTH target

kidney, skeleton

PTH function

increase blood calcium

PTH opposes

calcitonin

aldosterone target

kidney

aldosterone function

increase blood sodium and pressure

cortisol function

increase blood glucose

adrenal medulla secretes

epinephrine and norepinephrine

epinephrine and norepinephrine function

fight or flight

pineal gland secretes what

melatonin

melatonin target

brain

melatonin function

regulates sleep cycle

insulin target

liver, skeletal muscle, adipose

insulin function

lower blood glucose

glucagon target

liver

glucagon function

increase blood glucose

estorgen testosterone and progesterone are

steroids

GnRh releases this class of hormones

gonadotropins

gonadotropins regulate

reproductive function

2 glycoproteins made by gonadotropins

FSH and lh

FSH function in ovaries

follicle maturation moves towards egg release

LH function in ovaries

ovulation and progesterone

FSH function in testes

stimulates Sertoli cells that make androgen-binding protein

LH function in testes

stimulates leydig cells that make testosterone

gigantism occurs in

children

gigantism and acromegaly are caused by

excessive amounts of GH

acromegaly occurs in

adults

acromegaly results in growth of bones in the

face feet hands

steroids are made of

cholesterol

the primary hormone made from lipids

cholesterol

the gonads make what 2 main steroids

testosterone and estrogen

testosterone steroid function

stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics

estrogen and progesterone steroid function

stimulates development of female secondary sex characteristics

adrenal glands make aldosterone, which is responsible for

osmoregulation

adrenal glands make cortisol which is responsible for

metabolism

alpha cells make

glucagon

beta cells make

insulin

delta cells make

peptide hormone somatostatin

somatostatin function

inhibits glucagon and insulin release

nociceptors

pain

mechanoreceptors

touch pressure vibration

photoreceptors

light

proprioceptors

position

chemoreceptors

chemicals, smell, taste

gustation is

taste

taste chemoreceptors respond to substances dissolved in

saliva

most taste buds are found on the

tongue

each taste bud has these 2 major cell types

basal and gustatory

basal cells are

dynamic stem cells

gustatory cells

have gustatory hairs that are formed from receptor membranes

5 basic taste sensations

sweet sour salty bitter umami

sweet

sugar saccharides alcohol some amino acids

salt

metal ions NaCl

sour

hydrogen ions

bitter

alkaloids caffeine

umami

elicited by amino acid glutamate

thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors also influence

taste

organs involved in gustation

taste buds salivary glands tongue

what are olfactory receptor cells

bipolar neurons that undergo turnover through adult life

olfactory receptor cells are covered by

cilia

the cilia of olfactory receptor cells are covered by

thin mucus made by supporting cells

mucus

solvent that captures and dissolves airborne diseases

supporting cell function

insulate receptor cells with mucus

olfactory pathway

odor olfactory nerve in olfactory epithelium olfactory bulb olfactory tract

range of sound the ears can detect

20 to 20,000 hz

the cochlea encodes auditoruy stimuli for frequencies between

20 to 20,000 hz

outer ear

auricle auditory canal tympanic membrane

auricle also known as

pinna

auricle made of

elastic cartilage

function of auricle

bring soundwave to auditory canal

auditory canal also known as

external acoustic meatus

short hair covered tunnel in outer ear

auditory canal

what glands are found in auditory canal

apocrine sebaceous and ceruminous

function of auditory canal

bring soundwave to tympanic membrane

tympanic membrane is the

eardrum

the tympanic membrane is a thin \____ membrane

ct