A Brief History of Computing

Abacus

Origin of Digital Computer

Abacus

Earliest computing devices designed to aid numeric computation

Abacus

First developed in Babylonia, over 5000 years ago and still used today.

1. Mechanical Calculator
2. Decimal Calculator
3. Stepped Reckoner/Leibniz Wheel

List of Early Calculating Machines

William Schickard (1592-1635)

He created the mechanical calculator

Blaise Pascual (1623-1662)

He created the Decimal Calculator

Could add and subtract

What the Decimal Calculator can do

Decimal Calculator

An early calculating machine that could add and subtract

Decimal Calculator

A machine that could add and subtract

Leibniz Wheel

Other term for Stepped Reckoner

Stepped Reckoner

Other term for Leibniz Wheel

G.W.F Leibniz (1646-1716)

He created the Stepped Reckoner/Leibniz Wheel

Stepped Reckoner/Leibniz Wheel

An early calculating machine that is a full-featured calculator; for multiplication

Stepped Reckoner/Leibniz Wheel

A machine that is a full-featured calculator; for multiplication

Jacquard Loom

A machine that is created in 1804

1804

Year when the Jacquard Loom was made

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

First true pioneer of modern computing machines

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

Designed 2 calculating machines, neither of which was practical to build

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

Created the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

What are the machines that Charles Babbage made?

Analytic Engine

A machine inspired by Jacquard’s use of punch cards to control a (weaving) machine

Analytic Engine

It could only be built using rods and gears and powered by steam, given the technology of the time

Analytic Engine

A machine that was never built

Difference Engine

Automated both the computation of tables and their printing

Difference Engine

Special-purpose calculating machine

Difference Engine

Used the method of differences to calculate polynomials

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

Designed the first general-purpose digital computing device

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

His ideas were way ahead of their times

London 2002

When and where was the Difference Engine was completed?

Difference Engine

What was completed in London in 2002?

The Birth of the Modern Mechanical Calculator

What was created in 1880-1901

1880-1901

When was the birth of the modern mechanical calculator

Ada

World’s first programmer

Ada

Daughter of Lord Byron

Ada

Wrote programs for the Difference Engine

* Abacus
* Mechanical Calculator
* Decimal Calculator
* Stepped Reckoner
* Jacquard Loom
* Analytical Engine
* Difference Engine
* Birth of Modern Mechanical Calculator
* Hollerith Tabulator
* Early “Pocket” Calculator

Machines in Ancient History up to 1930

Claude Shannon (1916-2001)

Introduced the concept of binary logic for use in creating digital computing machines in 1937

1937

Year when the concept of binary logic for use in creating digital computing machines were created

Claude Shannon (1916-2001)

Published “A mathematical theory of communication” which establishes the principals for encoding information so it might be reliably transmitted electronically

1948

Year when the “A mathematical theory of communication” which establishes the principals for encoding information so it might be reliably transmitted electronically was published

A mathematical theory of communication

Establishes the principals for encoding information so it might be reliably transmitted electronically.

Claude Shannon (1916-2001)

the Father of the Modern Information Age

Alan Turing (1912-1954)

Led the World War II research group that broke the code for the Engima Machine

Alan Turing (1912-1954)

He broke the code for the Enigma Machine

Alan Turing (1912-1954)

Proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability

Turing Machine

A simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability

Alan Turing (1912-1954)

Devised the “Turing Test” for Artificial Intelligence

Enigma Machine

Most sophisticated code system of its day

Enigma Machine

A priority for the Allies to break it as the Germans believed it was unbreakable

1918

Year when the Enigma Machine was created

Alan Turing and his Colossus

Constructed an electronic computing machine in 1943 to help decrypt German coded messages

Colossus

A computing machine that help decrypt German coded messages

1943

When the Colossus was made

IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

Full name for IBM Harvard Mark I

IBM Hardvard Mark I

Official name of IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

IBM Harvard Mark I

Installed at Harvard University in 1944

1944

Year when the IBM Hardvard Mark I was made

Harvard University

Where the IBM Hardvard Mark I was installed in 1944

IBM Hardvard Mark I

It was 51 feet long, weighed 5 ton, and has 750,000 parts including 72 accumulators and 60 sets of rotary switches

John W. Mauchly & J. Presper Ecker

Headed the ENIAC team at the Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

Meaning of ENIAC

ENIAC

First general-purpose electronic digital computer

ENIAC

Commissioned by the United States Army for computing ballistic firing tables

Jown W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

They created the ENIAC

John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

They were commissioned by the United States Army for computing ballistic firing tables

ENIAC

Noted for massive scale and redundant design

ENIAC

Decimal internal coding

ENIAC

Operational in 1946

1946

Year when ENIAC was operational

ENIAC

Manual programming of boards, switches, and “function table”

slow, tedious, and repetitious

Early Computer Programming was _____,__ ____,______

John Von Neumann (1903-1954)

Visits the Moore School in 1944

John Von Neumann (1903-1954)

Prepares a draft report for an automatic programmable device

EDVAC

An automatic programmable device

John Von Neumann (1903-1954)

Comes up with the “stored program” concept

John Von Neumann (1903-1954)

Published his ideas with Goldstine and Burks in 1946

Golstine and Burks

Neumann published his ideas with whom?

John Von Neumann (1903-1954)

Designed the IAS machine which became operational in 1951

1946

Year when Neumann published his ideas with Goldstine and Burks

1951

Year when the IAS became operational

Institute for Advanced Studies

IAS meaning

Von Neumann Architecture

“stored program”

Von Neumann Architecture

Binary internal coding

Von Neumann Architecture

CPU-Memory-I/O organization

Von Neumann Architecture

“fetch-decode-execute” instruction cycle

* Turing Machine
* Enigma Machine
* IBM Harvard Mark I
* ENIAC
* EDVAC

List of Electronic Computer in 1930-1951

UNIVAC I

First commercial general-purpose computer

UNIVAC I

Delivered in 1951

1951

When was the UNIVAC I delivered?

UNIVAC I

Used to forecast the 1952 United States presidential election

1950

Year when the computers got smaller overtime

Vacuum Tube Computer Circuits

Four generations of computer that shows the reduction in size during the 1950s

Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992)

First real “computer scientist”

Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992)

Created first Compiler because she was tired of writing “machine code” by hand. Greatly improved programming speed and efficiency.

The transistor

The most important invention of the 20th century

The transistor

invented by Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain in 1947 at Bell Labs

Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain

Inventors of the transistor

1947

Year when the transistor was invented

Bell Labs

Place when the transistor was invented

The transistor

replaced vacuum tubes, which were bulky