PSYC Final Clinical

States

temporary components of your personality

e.g. frustration, sleepiness

traits

consistent parts of your personality that are shown across time and in many situations

e.g. extrovert; most personalities will be based on the trait component

free association

common technique used to access personality during the freudian error

e.g. encouraged to talk when you have a stream of consciousness you were asked to talk about it as it came to your mind

self-concept

all thoughts and opinions are tied to who I am; most influential aspect for modern personality psychology

individualism

trusting yourself, being true to yourself, acting on what you become, sort of trusting yourself and act on your self concept

person-situation controversy

in a given situation, what part has the greater power, situation, or person

e.g. both affect, there is no part that outweighs the other

small time - the situation had more influence

large time - the person has more influence

narcissism

sense of power or sense of entitlement

e.g. first meetings a narcissist, we like confident people at the beginning, later on they increase

physiognomy

you can tell people’s personality based on their physical features

phrenology

based on the bumps and debits of your skull you have different traits

what are the four hours?

1. blood
2. yellow bile
3. black bile
4. phlegm

blood

excess happy - you don’t need to remember it though lol

yellow bile

excess angry

black bile

excess depressed

phlegm

excess lazy forgetful

Freud’s Ideas

1) Unconscious

2) Preconscious

3) Conscious

Unconscious

self that is outside consciousness and we cannot access

e.g. believed our unconscious was a major part of how we dealt with the real world

Preconscious

is not in our consciousness but it is accessible

Conscious

outside of the water and information we can easily access stuff that is in our mind

Id

innate, want driven - ignore norms/expectations, and get what you want; fully unconsciousness

ego

part that interacts with the daily word; conscious (and a lil preconscious)

superego

cares about morality and social norms

so focused on morals that it can convince you to do negative things

split across all three (consciousness, preconscious, unconscious)

Freud’s Psychosexual Oral Stage

0-18 month

area of focus was the mouth

sucking and eating

if they were never soothing they would stick in oral

Freud’s Psychosexual Anal Stage

18-36 months

focus on bowel and and bladder

toilet training resolved you would see differences in personality

Freud’s Psychosexual Phallic Stage

3-6 years

child is aware of genitals and differences of sexes

oedipal complex; elektra complex

Oedipal Complex

* phallic stage
* the child want to kill its father and sleep with his mother

elektra complex

the child wanted to kills its mother and sleep with his father

latency

6 - puberty

repressing any sorts of sexual thought

freud believed the superego would develop

genital

puberty onward

act on sexual desires and creating romantic relationships

regression

retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage

e.g. being an adult is hard therefore people will go back to a pervious stage where things were easier

denial

refusing to acknowledge reality

projection

take the thoughts and opinions you feel towards yourself on to someone else

displacement

you take out negative emotions you feel towards yourself on to someone else

reaction formation

the thoughts and feelings that you have are inappropriate and you swing to the opposite direction

e.g. post partum depression moms cant connect with their kids and feel bad they are feeling that therfore they solely focuses on their kids

rationalization

acknowledging bad thoughts and behaviors and you are making excuses for them

development

life long change not stuck like freud said

* not much evidence to back up his claim
* babies brain does not have oral fixation ways
* gender identity is earlier than developed

dream

freud believes its best way to get out of our unconsciousness

* freud - tool for the unconscious
* research - dreams are a tool for our unconscious mind

defense mechanisms

trying to maintain our self esteem, and uphold the biases we already hold

repression

most controversial, murky evidence, memories were implanted

falsifiability

built on the unconsciousness, something we cannot test it lol

sexist

he was super sexist, believed in penis envy

trajectory

based on a person’s past - idea of psychology is focused on someone’s past

jung’s analytic theory unconscious personal

your personal element and personal information that is not in the consciousness

jung’s analytic theory unconscious collective

ancestral memories that have passed down to you

similar to freud because you are not aware of the effect that you are happening too

ancestral memory archetype

emotionally charged images or thoughts that are universal

e.g. anima/animus, shadow, and persona

anima/animus

the opposite gendered internal perspective

* man would have an anima
* female would have animus

shadow

all of your dark and evil instincts, thoughts pattern sex and violence

persona

how we present to the world, mask of the go

stability

personality develops over someone’s life span but as you get older your personality gets more stable

maturity stable

up to age of 40 you tend to get more conscientiousness and more agreeable tend to get less neurotic

brain structure

high on extraversion have less brain arousal their brains are less active or arousal

high conscientiousness tend to have larger frontal lobes, as they are concerned with laws and cause higher thinking

higher neuroticism shows that their neurons communicate with higher visceral stress

Birth Order

there is no connection with the big 5

prediction

if you score highly on extraversion it is seen to utilize personal pronouns

e.g. people that score higher on conscientiousness and agreeableness have bigger workplace success

What is the big 5?

OCEAN


1. Openness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism

openness

open to new ideas and experiences

conscientiousness

following the rules and norms of a society will not deviate from social norms

extraversion

do you get energized and enjoy experiences with people for long times

agreeableness

how well do you agree with other people

neuroticism

worry or anxiety

Roger’s Person Centered Theory

your opportunity for personal growth


1. acceptance
2. genuineness
3. empathy

Acceptance of Rogers’ Person Centered Theory

includes unconditional positive regards

* even if their behaviors are wrong you can say its wrong, but you accept the person because they have the value to do good

Genuineness of Rogers’ Person Centered Theory

need to be responding openly, honestly, and spontaneously with the person

Empathy of Rogers’ Person Centered Theory

you need to share and try to understand another person’s thoughts and opinions, if you don’t know where there are coming from you need to create an environment to change

* important part for modern theory

Eyesenck’s Dimensional Theory

two of the traits are bolded and black can be plotted on the spectrum

* the four humors and temperaments that were talked about are involved in the center and was talked about earlier

Allport’s Trait Types

the most influential traits in psychology


1. cardinal traits
2. central traits
3. secondary traits

cardinal traits of allport’s trait theory

rules or behaviors on how we respond in situations we care about

* these traits are the most likely trait we will show, they make us who we are

central traits of allport’s trait theory

are all traits that humans virtually share; commonality amongst humans

secondary traits of allport trait theory

very specific situations will these traits be displayed

e.g. on a regular day basis you aren’t an authoritative person, but in the context of your job you are more likely to display the trait

Biological Theories

1. Evolutionary Theory
2. Gene Theory

Evolutionary Theory

the reason the big 5 are the big 5 is because these traits were necessary and these traits were necessary and needed to survive and procreate

Genes Theory

they found that identical twins have more of a similar personality than fraternal twins with considering the possibility of a difference in households

Projective Tests

you are projecting your personality on ambiguous stimuli, mainly for kids


1. thematic apperception test
2. human figure drawings

Thematic Apperception Tests (TIAT)

you get perceptions to identify and are asked what you think is happening in the pictures, and someone sees patterns/commonalities for your picture and determine people

personality inventories

long questionnaires based on scenarios


1. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
2. Myer-Briggs

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the scale originally made to have emotional disorders but realized personality was where it could be greatly utilized

* created a score on 10 different scales - now it has 13 different scales

Myer-Briggs

based on Carl Jung’s ideas - his archetypes

* has low reliability - you don’t get the same score repeatability (within 5 weeks people would have different answers) because there is no reliability - there is no validity

Youyou, Kosinski, and Stillwell 2015

looked at the correlation between Facebook and the Big 5; determined that Facebook likes were more accurate than their family, friends, and coworkers

* spouses beat the score

cormorbidity

having 2 or more psychological disorders at the same time

e.g depression and anxiety happen together more often

etiology

apparent cause and developmental history if a disorder

epidemiology

how we get prevalence rates, the study of a distribution of a disorder in a population

insanity defense

insane is NOT a psychological term, its a legal term

* used very rarely and hard to be successful because you have to commit you did the crime but at the time of the crime I was unable to understand the effects of my actions

violence rate

people who have mental disorders are more likely to be violent is a MYTH

* 3-5% people with mental disorders experience violence
* people with mental illness experience 10 times more often

deviance

how different is this behavior in reference to the general population

* this criteria used the most influential in diagnosing disorders not true anymore

maladaptive

how much this behavior interferes with their daily function

personal distress

how much distress does this person experience when doing the behavior

value judgements

hard to determine a notable person to identify how much is too much abnormal behavior

* based on opinions difference can occur

symptoms

can make it hard to identify symptoms

* true with biological disorders because some people have some symptoms and some people can experience it more

Diagnostic and Statistics Manual

the diagnostic bible of psychology

* tells practionrs what too look for symptoms

Current Edition

Roman Numerals to Arabic Numerals

DSM4 focuses on more categories - DSM5 focuses on spectrum disorder specifically with autism

How the DSM works

you would go to that area of the DSM in order to meet the diagnoses of a depressive disorder often times there is a requirement

Intellectual Disability

people who have an IQ less than 70 and having difficulty enjoying day to day life

Learning Disorders

mostly occurs in childhood but doesn’t have to be

e.g. dyslexia, dysgraphia

ADHD

hyperactivity disorder symptoms for diagnose have to happen at the age of 12

* inability to focus on long term term
* more diagnosed with boys than girls

autism spectrum disorder

having different categories, turned into a different spectrum

* girls can mimic behaviors better than boys

major depressive disorders

* 7%
* seasonal affective disorder: pattern of a year DSM 4 - DSM 5 made it more general
* seen in winter and summer

persistent depressive disorder

depression that is long lasting but milder than major depressive disorder

age of onset

you are going to have it before the age of 40 probably in terms of a lifespan

* common for people to have multiple depressive lifespans

recurrence

will have 5 or 6 depressive episodes across their lifetime if they will experience it

* will last 6 months to 1 year

anhedonia

inability to feel joy

* activities that used to make this person feel happy makes them feel empty
* not a sadness but a lack of emotion, a lack of feeling - depression

sleep

people sleeping way to much or to little

* not good quality sleep

helplessness theory

what your brain tells you in these depressive episodes

* internal - everything is my fault
* stable - its always gonna be my fault
* global - everything is my fault; making more things my fault