OTA 125: Exam 1

gliding

What type of joint motion happens at the intercarpals?

3

How many degrees of freedom does the shoulder and hip have?

1

How many degrees of freedom does the elbow and knee have?

uniaxial

The elbow and knee are what kind of joints?

triaxial

What kind of joint is shoulder and hip joints?

osteo

Is shoulder flexion and extension an arthrokinematic or osteokinematic type of motion?

artho

Is shoulder distraction an arthokinematic or osteokinematic type of motion?

humerus on scapula

Starting in anatomical position, move the shoulder into flexion; Is the humerus moving on the scapula, or is the scapula moving on the humerus?

convex

Starting in anatomical position, move the shoulder into flexion ; Is the proximal end of the humerus a concave or convex joint surface?

concave

Starting in anatomical position, move the shoulder into flexion ; Does the glenoid fossa of the scapula have a concave or convex joint surface?

convex on a fixed concave

Starting in anatomical position, move the shoulder into flexion ; Is the concave surface gliding on a fixed convex surface, or is a convex surface gliding on a fixed concave surface

opposite

Starting in anatomical position, move the shoulder into flexion ; Is the joint surface gliding in the same or opposite direction as the distal end of the moving bone?

wrist flexion

The flexor carpi radialis performs wrist flexion and radial deviation. The flexor carpi ulnaris performs wrist flexion and ulnar deviation.

In what wrist action do the two muscles act as agonists?

radial and ulnar deviation

The flexor carpi radialis performs wrist flexion and radial deviation. The flexor carpi ulnaris performs wrist fleixon and ulnar deviation.

In what wrist action do they act as antagonists?

active insufficiency

What is the term for the situation in which a muscle contracts until it can contract no farther, even though more joint range of motion is possible?

eccentric (with gravity)

Is walking downhill a concentric or an eccentric contraction of your quadriceps muscle?

flexion

While lying supine with your arm at your side and with a weight in your hand, raise the weight up and over your shoulder. (Hint: Think about gravity's effect throughout the range )

What is the joint motion at the shoulder?

concentric (against gravity)

While lying supine with your arm at your side and with a weight in your hand, raise the weight up and over your shoulder. (Hint: Think about gravity's effect throughout the range )

Is the muscle action during the first 90 degrees of the motion concentric or eccentric?

flexors

While lying supine with your arm at your side and with a weight in your hand, raise the weight up and over your shoulder. (Hint: Think about gravity's effect throughout the range )

Are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action?

eccentric- past 90, the sh starts going towards your head which is with gravity

While lying supine with your arm at your side and with a weight in your hand, raise the weight up and over your shoulder. (Hint: Think about gravity's effect throughout the range )

Is the muscle action during the second 90 degrees of the motion concentric or eccentric?

extensors

While lying supine with your arm at your side and with a weight in your hand, raise the weight up and over your shoulder. (Hint: Think about gravity's effect throughout the range )

Is the movement the second 90 degrees of the motion , are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action?

supine

What position would a person have to be in to perform shoulder abduction and adduction in a gravity eliminated position?

anterior- aka sagittal plane

For a muscle to have an effective angle of pull to be a shoulder flexor and not a shoulder abductor, it would have to span the shoulder on what surface?

2 (sagittal and frontal planes)

How many degrees of freedom at the wrist and MPs?

pivot

What is the shape of the joint is the radius/ulna?

diarthrosis, synovial ball n socket

The hip joint is what type of joint?

concentric pronators

1 What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Turning a light bulb in the ceiling with your right hand counter clockwise

concentric shoulder flexors

1. What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Putting a plate up into the cupboard

eccentric shoulder flexors

1. What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Lowering a glass from the higher cupboard to the counter

eccentric supinators

1. What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

After initiation, continue pouring water from a pitcher into a glass

concentric external rotators

1. What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Crossing your left foot over your right leg at the knee as if criss-cross apple sauce

concentric dorsiflexors

Choose two answers for each activity:
1. What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Lifting your toe toward the ceiling while sitting, keeping the heel on the floor

concentric dorsiflexors

1. What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Lifting your toe toward the ceiling while standing while keeping the heel on the floor

concentric hip/knee flexors

Choose two answers for each activity:
1. What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Standing, raising left knee as if to march

concentric hip flexors

What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Supine, raising your left knee (bend) while foot slides along the bed

concentric hip extensors

What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Starting position, then sliding your LE from the bent position , back to the bed while sliding your foot along the bed

concentric plantarflexors

. What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Standing on your tip toes

eccentric plantar flexors

What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Lowering from the tip toes back to the floor

concentric elbow extensors

. What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

While dong a push-up, start with chin on the floor and extending the arms

eccentric neck extensors

. What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Looking at your belly button while sitting after the motion is initiated

concentric neck flexors

What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Looking at your belly button while supine

concentric neck extensors

What is the primary mm group doing the work
2. What kind of contraction: concentric or eccentric

Looking up to the sky while standing (to initiate the motion)

eccentric neck flexors

Looking up to the sky while standing (to complete the motion)

lower pt to floor by letting them slide down your leg

An OTA is helping a 260 lb. patient walk from the bed to the bathroom. The patient started to lose balance and complained that he was extremely dizzy. What would be the most appropriate thing to do next?

twist and lift at the same time

The most serious injuries occur when you

Position feet 6-8 inches apart (at least shoulder width)
Flex knees slightly
Contract abdominal muscles in and up
Face your work area

What are some actions that promote proper body mechanics

wrist because you increase the lever arm

Putting a weight cuff in which position would require more effort at the shoulder joint to move the weight cuff through shoulder range of motion and why?

Cuff positioned at the wrist or elbow

more

Longer lever arms \= \_____ force to complete action

axis

When cracking an almond with a nutcracker, will the almond be easier to crack if it is closer to the axis or closer to the end of the handles?

horizontal

A delivery person has several boxes stacked on a dolly(hand truck). Would the person have to use more force to push the hand truck when the hand truck is more horizontal or more vertical?

get close had have feet shoulder width apart

Before moving a patient, what can the people do to increase their own stability?

more force required but will go farther

Compare the push rims of a standard wheelchair and a racing wheelchair. Note that the racing wheelchair has much smaller push rims. What is the advantage of smaller push rims to a wheelchair racer?

sagittal

What plane divides the body into right and left halves?

frontal

What plane divides body in front and back?

transverse

What planed divides body top from bottom?

x axis

What axis passes through sagittal plane?

z axis

What axis passes through frontal plane?

y axis

What axis passes through transverse plane?

sagittal plane, x axis

What plane and axis does cervical flexion move through?

frontal plane, z axis

What plane and axis does radial and ulnar deviation move through?

transverse plane, y axis

What plane and axis does GH internal rotation move through?

efferent

Motor information travels through \___neurons

afferent

Sensory information travels through \_____neurons

posterior horn

Where in the spinal cord does sensory (upper motor neuron) info travel to?

anterior horn

Where in the spinal cord does motor (lower motor neuron) info travel from?

over stretching

What does the stretch reflex protect against?

over contracting

What does the golgi tendon reflex protect against?

perception, sensation

What does the parietal lobe control?

relay station for sensation, pain perception

What does the thalamus control?

coordination

What does the basal ganglia control?

tone, posture, balance

What does the cerebellum control?

hormone regulation

What does the hypothalamus control?

respiration, heart rate, BP

What does the medulla control?

SCI, MS, Parkinsons, CVA, TBI

Give examples of UMN lesion disorders?

Muscular dystrophy, polio, peripheral nerve injury

Give examples of LMN lesion disorders?

UMN-spasticity
LMN- flaccidity

What are the observable differences between UMN and LMN lesions for paralysis?

LMN

Is mm atrophy significant with UMN or LMN lesions?

UMN- hyperreflexia
LMN- hyporeflexia

How are reflexes affected with UMN and LMN lesions?

UMN

Is the babinski reflex present with UMN or LMN lesions?

reproduce mvmt that causes pain

What is a provocative test?

- stretch tight mm
-shorten long mm
- identify positions that cause pain

How can proper positioning affect the body?

area innervated by sensory fibers of a particular spinal nerve

What are dermatomes?

myotomes

* mm innervated by a particular spinal nerve
* spinal cord and nerve function

shoulder abduction

Myotome testing:

C5\=

elbow flexion

Myotome testing:

C6\=

elbow extension

Myotome testing:

C7\=

finger flexion

Myotome testing:

C8\=

finger abd/adduction

Myotome testing:

T1\=

redundancy

What is the purpose of plexi?

L-lumbricals 1,2
O- opponens pollicis
A- abductor pollicis
F- flexor pollicis brevis

What muscles does the median nerve innervate?

median nerve

What nerve is affected with Ape hand?

-flexor carpi ulnaris -flexor digitorum profundus
-Interossei
- adductor pollicis
- flexor pollicis brevis

What muscles does the Ulnar nerve innervate?

ulnar

What nerve is affected with claw hand

-wrist extensors
-finger extensors
-thumb extensors
-abductor pollicis longus
- supinator

What muscles does the radial nerve innervate?

radial

What nerve is affected with wrist drop?

force

push or pull of an object

torque

tendency of force to produce rotation around an axis

law of inertia

* —Object @ rest tends to stay @ rest, object in motion tends to stay in motion.
* —Force needed to overcome inertia (to move, stop, Δ direction)

law of acceleration

* amount of acceleration depends on the strength of force applied
* depends on
* mass of object
* strength of force applied

law of action-reaction

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction