BIO 230

Final

electrolytes

most abundant by number

proteins

most abundant by weight

three main functions of blood

transport, regulation, protection

define transport

delivering oxygen and nutrients. transporting metabolic waste products from cells to lungs and kidneys, transporting hormones from the endocrine organs to their target sites

define regulation

maintaining body temperature, ph, and adequate blood volume

define protection

prevent blood less and infection

2 parts of blood composition

plasma and formed elements

define plasma

nonliving fluid matrix

define formed elements

living cells

which is more dense, blood or water

blood

what is the ph of blood

slightly alkaline (7.34-7.45)

consistency of blood

sticky, opaque, metallic, and salty

how much of the body does blood account for

8% of ones body weight

what is blood plasma composed of

90% of water

what do plasma proteins function as

carriers to move molecules through the blood

what is albumin

60% of the plasma proteins

function of erythrocytes

hemoglobin protein binds easily and reversibly to O2

values of erythrocytes in male

13-18g/100ml of blood

values of erythrocytes in females

12-16g/100ml of blood

composition of hemoglobin

red heme pigment bound to the protein globin

how many polypeptide chains are in globin

4 polypeptide chains each binding a ringlike heme group

oxyhemoglobin

when fe2+ is partially oxidized by oxygen (lung level) bright red

deoxyhemoglobin

when oxygen detaches from fe2+ (tissue level) dark red

when does erythropoiesis begin

when myeloid stem cell transforms into a proerythroblast

phase 1 of erythropoiesis

proerythroblast transforms into an early erythroblast called basophilic erythroblast due to their high ribosomes

phase 2 of erythropoiesis

cell division, hemoglobin synthesis, iron accumulation all takes place. proerythroblast transforms into a polychromatic erythroblast and then into orthochromatic erythroblast

phase 3 of erythropoiesis

once the orthochromatic erythroblast has accumulated most of its hemoglobin, most of the organelles are ejected, the nucleus degenerates and is extruded/pinched off and the erythrocyte assumes its biconcave shape. the young erythrocyte called a reticulocyte still contains clumps of ribosomes

how long does erythropoiesis take

roughly 15 days

what percent of erythrocytes fo reticulocytes account for

1-2%

what is erythropoietin

a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the formation of red blood cells

where is erythropoietin produced

kidneys and some in the liver

what is erythropoietin controlled by

the ability of red blood cells to transport adequate O2 to meet metabolic needs

what does hypoxia do

stimulates the kidney to release erythropoietin

what does testosterone do

enhances the kidneys production of erythropoietin

what are the dietary requirements for erythropoiesis

amino acids, lipids, chos

define hemoglobin synthesis

obtained from ones diet and absorption is controlled by the intestinal cells

what is iron lost from

feces, urine, perspiration, and menses

red blood cells life span

100-120 days

what happens to red blood cells as they age

they become rigid and fragile, and their hemoglobin begins to degenerate

what is the spleen in charge of

red blood cell graveyard

what do macrophages do

engulf the dying red blood cells and split the heme off the hemoglobin, leaving the 2 entities separated

what is globin used for

broken down into the amino acids and released into the circulation for use by other cells

what are the causes of iron deficiency anemia

secondary to hemorrhagic anemia, inadequate intake of iron containing foods or impaired iron absorption form the duodenum/upper jejunum

pernicious anemia

autoimmune disease that usually affects the elederly

define pernicious anemia

immune system destroys cells in the stomach that produce intrinsic factor, necessary for the intestinal cells in the ileum to absorb vitamin B12

neutrophils

most numerous

nucleus in neutrophils

lobated, called polymorphonuclear cells

cytoplasm in neutrophils

lilac colored granules, contain hydrolytic enzymes (lysosomes)

targets of neutrophils

bacteria, chemically attracted to the site of inflammation

function of neutrophils

phagocytes, ingest bacteria and some types of fungus forming a phagosome, kill bacteria/fungi through respiratory burst

nucleus in eosinophils

usually has 2-3 lobes

cytoplasm in eosinophils

large, coarse red orange granules

targets in eosinophils

kill parasites and worms that are too large to be phagocytized

other roles of eosinophils

cause tissue damage in allergic reactions and asthma

basophils

rarest white blood cell

nucleus in basophils

U or S shaped with 1 or more constriction

cytoplasm in basophils

large, coarse purple black granules containing histamine

function of basophils

histamine is potent vasodilator and a leako attractant

antihistamines

counter act the action of histamine in an allergic reaction

lymphocytes

can vary in size, second most numerous

nucleus in lymphocytes

large, dark purple nucleus that is round but may be slightly indented

cytoplasm in lymphocytes

nucleus is surrounded by a thin rim of light blue cytoplasm

location of lymphocytes

are not in the bloodstream

function of lymphocytes

directly act against viruses and tumor cells

monocytes

largest white blood cell

nucleus in monocytes

dark purple staining U nucleus

cytoplasm in nucleus

abundant pale blue staining with fine purple/pink granules

location of monocytes

in blood they are called monocytes, our of blood they are called macrophages

function of monocytes

highly phagocytic and play a critical role in the body fighting viruses, bacteria, parasites, and chronic infections

first line stem cell

fives rise to all formed elements in blood, divides myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

second line committed cells

myeloblasts and lymphocyte precursors

third line developmental pathway

myeloblasts become promyelocytes, promyelocytes become myelocytes, myelocytes become band cells

myeloblasts become promyelocytes

accumulate lysosomes

promyelocytes become myelocytes

accumulate distinctive granules

myelocytes become band cells

banding of nucleus

fourth and final line

band cells become granular white blood cells

granules contain

neutrophils, eosinophiles, basophils

bone marrow and granulocytes

store mature granulocytes

lymphocytes third line developmental pathway for B cells

B cell precursors remain in and mature in the bone marrow

lymphocytes third line developmental pathway for t cells

differentiation pathway, produced in the bone marrow, t cell precursors migrate to and mature in the thymus

lymphocyte life span

hours to decades

allergic reactions

a hypersensitive immune reaction to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in most people

4 types or allergic reactions

anaphylactic, cytotoxic, immunocomplex, cell mediated

anaphylactic

severe, life threatening, involves IgG and Ige, along with mast cells

cytotoxic

body cells are destroyed by antibodies, involves IgG and IgM

immunocomplex

aggregation of antigen-antibody complexes, involves IgG and IgM

cell mediated

can occur in response to contact with certain allergens resulting in contact dermatitis. involves t lymphocytes and macrophage

leukemia

a group of cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal white blood cells

rule of thumb in leukemia

acute children, chronic elderly

infectious monoculcleosis

highly contagious viral disease

presentation of mononucleosis

increased number of lymphocytes

clinical signs of mononucleosis

complain of tiredness and body aches, chronic sore throat, enlarged spleen, and low grade fever

right side of heart

pumps to lungs to release co2 and pick up o2

left side of the heart

pumps to entire body to supply tissues with o2 and nutrients

right atrium

receives blood from the body

left atrium

receives blood returning from the lungs

left ventricle

pumps blood into the lungs

right ventricle

pumps blood into the body

pericardium

a double walled sac covering the heart