Biological Science Chap 1

olestra was funded by the guy who founded olestra, the bird cat research overlooked variables. both had flaws

biases in the olestra study and in the bird-cat research

atom

fundamental building block of all matter

biology

the scientific study of life

biosphere

all regions of Earth where organisms live

cell

smallest unit of life

community

all populations of all species in a given area

ecosystem

a community interacting with its environment

emergent property

a characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of the system's component parts

molecule

an association of two or more atoms

organ

in multicelled organisms, a grouping of tissues engaged in a collective task

organsim

individual that consists of one or more cells

organ system

in multicelled organisms, set of organs engaged in a collective task that keeps the body functioning properly

population

group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that live in a given area

tissue

in multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function

consumer

organism that gets energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms

development

multistep process by which the first cell of a new mulitcelled organisms gives rise to an adult

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid; carries hereditary information that guides development and other activities

growth

in multicelled species, an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells

homeostasis

process in which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges by sensing and responding to change

inheritance

transmission of DNA to offspring

nutrient

substance that an organism needs for growth and survival but cannot make for itself

photosynthesis

process by which producers use light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water

producer

organism that makes its own food using energy and nonbiological raw materials from the environment

reproduction

processes by which parents produce offspring

animal

mulitcelled consumer that develops through a series of stages and moves about during part or all of its life

archaea

group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus but are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria

bacteria

the most diverse and well-known group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus

biodiversity

scope of variation among living organisms

eukaryote

organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus

fungus

single-celled or multi celled eukaryotic consumer that breaks down material outside itself, then absorbs nutrients released from the breakdown

nucleus

sac that encloses a cell's DNA; has two membranes

plant

a multicelled, typically photosynthetic producer

prokaryote

single-celled organism without a nucleus

protist

member of a diverse group of simple eukaryotes

genus

a group of species that share a unique set of traits

species

unique type of organism

specific epithet

second part of a species name

taxon

group of organisms that share a unique set of traits

taxonomy

the science of naming and classifying species

trait

an observable characteristic of an organism or species

control group

group of individuals identical to an experimental group except for the independent variable under investigation

critical thinking

judging information before accepting it

data

experimental results

deductive reasoning

using a general idea to make a conclusion about a specific case

dependent variable

in an experiment, a variable that is presumable affected by an independent variable being tested

experiment

a test designed to support or falsify a prediction

experimental group

in an experiment, a group of individuals who have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment

hypothesis

testable explanation of a natural phenomenon

independent variable

variable that is controlled by an experimenter in order to explore its relationship to a dependent variable

inductive reasoning

drawing a conclusion based on observation

model

analogous system used for testing hypothese

prediction

statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should exist if the hypothesis is correct

science

systematic study of the observable world

scientific method

making, testing, and evaluating hypotheses

variable

in an experiment, a characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time

probability

the chance that a particular outcome of an event will occur; depends on the total number of outcomes possible

sampling error

difference between results derived from testing an entire group of events or individuals, and results derived from testing a subset of the group

statistically significant

refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to have occurred by chance

law of nature

generalization that describes a consistent natural phenomenon for which there is incomplete scientific explanation

scientific theory

hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing

Pinocchio frog, a rat the size of a cat, flowers the size of dinner plates

What was found on the Foja Mountains?

unidentified mouse, lots of new species

What was found on Mt. Lico?

4.5 billion years old, 3.5 billion years old

How old is Earth? How old is life?

How things interact with basic components

Define life

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

life's organization

Community is all populations in a given area.

How does population differ from a community?

Nutrient

substance that an organism needs to grow and survive but cannot make itself

energy is not cycled, it flows from environment, through organisms, and to the environment.

How does energy flow through life?

Nutrients flow in a cycle, from producers to decomposing consumers and back to the environment where producers pick it back up.

How does nutrients flow through life?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What is DNA real name?

Individuals of every population are very alike in body form and behavior but have very few differences

How is DNA the basis of life's unity and diversity?

prokaryotes

To which do bacteria and archaea belong to?

different types are producers or consumers

Are bacteria and archaea producers or consumers?

extreme conditions, frozen desert rocks, boiling acid springs, and nuclear reactor waste

What are bacteria and archaea's habitats?

photosynthesis, and they break down food

How do protists get their food?

they decompose food outside their body

How do fungi get their food?

they use photosynthesis

How do plants get their food?

they break down food inside their body

How do animals get their food?

there are small single celled consumers and multicellular producers

are protists uni or multi celled?

multi celled producers

are plants uni or multi celled?

mostly multi celled decomposer, yeasts are the only single celled

are fungi uni or multi celled?

multi celled consumers

are animals uni or multi celled?

aphids

multicellular eukaryotes who produce a sweet nectar from their backside, ants herd these organisms.

single celled protists

what organisms are sleeping sickness and Amoebic dysentery caused by?

multicellular protist

what kind of organism is kelp?

Carl Linnaeus

who perfected taxonomy?

genus and specific epithet

What are the two parts to the scientific name?

Homo sapiens

What is the scientific name for humans?

biological species concept

a species have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other populations.

It cannot help us classify species that have become extinct, and prokaryotes who procreate in a different way

Why is the biological species concept on universally applicable?

What message am I being asked to accept?
Is the message based on fact or opinion?
Is there a different way to interpret the facts?
What biases might the presenter have?
How do my own biases influence the way I hear this message?

the five questions critical thinking askes?

a researcher's curiosity about something observable in nature

how does science begin?

think of a testable explanation for your observation

How is a hypothesis formed?

observe, make a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, form a conclusion, report your work

what are the various steps of the scientific method?

they send their findings to the scientific community for a second opinion

how do scientists report their findings?

Thys travels the worlds oceans to study the giant sunfish (mola)

examples of scientific research in biology

olestra causes intestinal cramping. people eating olestra should be more likely to get cramps. They gave about 500 people olestra and about 500 people regular potato chips. about 90 of each had cramping. this proved their hypothesis wrong

olestra experiment (hypothesis, prediction, test)

two hypotheses (they show wings to scare predator or they hiss to scare away predator) peacock butterflies without wings spots should be more vulnerable to predators and silent peacock butterflies should be more vulnerable. They blacked out some wing spots with a black marker and cut off the sound making parts of other butterflies wings. A third group had both. A fourth group had no treatment. The silenced and no treatment had no butterflies die.

butterfly and bird experiment

peer review

it exposes flaws

No. Yes.

are scientific theories absolute facts? can they be disproven?