APES Unit 8 (2)

Solid Waste

any discarded material that is not a liquid or gas and is generated in domestic, industrial, business, and agricultural sectors.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Refuse (garbage) collected by municipalities from households, small businesses, and institutions

Municipality

city or town that has corporate status and local government

Water Stream

The flow of solid waste that is recycled, incinerated, placed in a solid waste landfill, or disposed of in another way. The solid waste stream contains materials from many sources

Waste Disposal

landfills, incineration

Landfills

most solid waste is disposed of in _________.

runofff

Component of solid waste can generate harmful _________ and leachate .

Leachate

liquid that contains elevated levels of pollutants as a result of having pass through municipal solid waste (MSW) or contaminated soil

Sanitary Landfill

An engineered ground facility designed to hold municipal solid waste (MSW) with as little contamination of the surround environment as possible

Landfill lined with _______ or plastic. This term is used because ti impedes leachate leaking and retains positively charged ions, such as metals

Leachate Collection System

a system of pipes constructed below the landfill to collect leachate. Collected leachate is sent to a waste treatment plant. The ground water is monitored to ensure that leachate is not seeping into water supplies.

compacted

The waste added to a landfill is _______ to reduce volume hence increasing capacity.

Methane extraction system

This is installed. Collected methane is burned or used as fuel.

Cap

a cover of soil and clay installed when a landfill reaches capacity. Must be monitored/maintained indefinitely

Siting

The designation of a landfill location, typically through a regulatory process involving studies, written reports, and public hearings

E-Waste

includes TVs, computers portable music players, and cell phones account for 2 percent of waste stream, but its effect is greater than this amount indicates

E-waste

contains toxic metal such as mercury and cadmium which can leach out of landfills

Incineration

The process of burning waste materials to reduce volume and mass, sometimes to generate electricity or heat.

incinerator

This may release air pollutants from the incomplete combustion of plastics and metals.

Incinerators

produce ash that is more concentrated and toxic that the original MSW. this ash is toxic and must be disposed in a special landfill for toxic materials

Reduce, reuse, recycle

a popular phrase promoting idea of diverting materials from waste stream AKA the three Rs

Reduce

Simply use less. Reducing our consumption of materials is the best way to achieve a reduction in solid waste generation.

Source reduction

an approach to waste management that seeks to cut waste by reducing the use of potential waste materials in the early stages of design and manufacture.

Reuse

Using a product or material that was intended to be discarded // no additional energy/resources needed for object to be reused

Recycle

The process by which materials destined to become municipal solid waste (MSW) are collected and converted into raw materials that are then used to produce new objects

closed-loop recycling

recycling a product into the same product

open-loop recycling

recycling one product into a different product

Composting

creation of organic matter (humus)by decomposition under controlled conditions to produce an organic-rich material that enhances soil structure, cation exchange capacity (a measure of the soil’s ability to hold positively charged ions), and fertility.

Disease

Any impaired function of the body with a characteristic set of symptoms. Disrupts the body’s homeostasis

Infectious Disease

a disease caused by a pathogen

Pathogen

a biological agent that causes disease

Acute Disease

A disease that rapidly impairs the functioning of an organisms

Chronic Disease

A disease that slowly impairs the functioning of an organism.

Epidemic

A situation in which a pathogen causes a rapid increase in disease

Pandemic

An epidemic that occurs over a large geographic

Plague

caused by a bacterium (Yersinia pestis) that is carried by fleas. It is transferred to humans via bite of an infected organism or through contact with contaminated fluids or tissues.

Malaria

a parasitic disease caused by one of several species of protists in genus Plasmodium. It is a parasitic disease caused by bites from infected mosquitos. It is most often found in sub-Saharan Africa

Tuberculosis

A highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily infects the lungs. It is spread by breathing in the bacteria from the bodily fluids of an infected person.

Emergent Infectious Disease

A disease that has not been previously described or has not been common for at least 20 years. These diseases are posing new health risk to humans.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

An infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A type of virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

a type of flu caused by a coronavirus is a form of pneumonia. It is transferred by inhaling or touching infected fluids.

West Nile Virus

A virus that is transmitted to humans via bites from infected mosquitos

Zika Virus Disease

a viral disease caused by a pathogen that causes fetuses to be born with unusually small heads and damaged brains. It is caused by bites from infected mosquitos and can be transmitted through sexual contact.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

A viral respiratory illness that is transferred from animals to humans.

Cholera

a bacterial disease that is contracted from infected water