Quiz #3

Missing: #82, #86-91

**The term general senses refers to sensations of all of the following,** __**except**__ **sensitivity to**

a. temperature

b. light

c. touch

d. vibrations

e. pain

light

**The special senses include all of the following,** __**except**__

a. tissue damage

b. sight

c. gustation

d. equilibrium

e. olfaction

tissue damage

**Our perception of our environment is incomplete because of all of the following,** __**except**__ **that**

a. humans don’t have receptors for every possible stimulus

b. receptors respond in an all or nothing manner

c. transduction converts a real stimulus into a neural event that must be interpreted

d. abnormal receptors function can produce sensations that have no basis in fact

e. our receptors have varying ranges of sensitivity

receptors respond in an all-or-nothing manner

**Thermoreceptors**

a. are scattered immediately beneath the surface of the skin

b. are the most complex of the peripheral receptors

c. that perceive cold stimuli are structurally different from those that receive hot sensations

d. transmit action potentials along the same pathways that carry information about body position

e. are tonic receptors

are scattered immediately beneath the surface of the skin

**A tactile receptor that responds to deep pressure is a**

a. merkel’s disc

b. root hair plexus

c. free nerve ending

d. piccinina corpuscle

Paccinian corpuscle

**Sensory receptors that monitor the position of joints are called**

a. nocieptors

b. chemoreceptors

c. baroreceptors

d. proprioceptors

e. thermoreceptors

proprioceptors

**Sensory receptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called**

a. nocieptors

b. chemoreceptors

c. baroreceptors

d. proprioceptors

e. thermoreceptors

baroreceptors

**A tactile receptor is composed of a capsule that surrounds a core of collagen fibers. Those that are continuous with the dermis and are intertwined with dendrites are called**

a.ruffini corpuscle

b. pacinian corpuscle

c. meissner’s corpuscle

d. merkel’s disks

e. root hair plexuses

Ruffini corpuscles

**A tactile receptor composed of dendrites that are highly coiled and interwoven, surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule, is a**

a. pacinian corpuscle

b. Ruffini corpuscle

c. meissner’s corpuscle

d. merkel’s disc

e. root hair plexus

Meissner’s corpuscle

**A tactile receptor that is composed of dendritic processes that lie within a series on concentric cellular layers is a**

a. ruffini corpuscle

b. pacinian corpuscle

c. meissner’s corpuscle

d. merkel’s disc

e. root hair plexus

Pacinian corpuscle

**A tactile receptor is composed on dendritic processes of a single myelinated fiber that makes contact with unusually large epithelial cells of the stratum germinative**

a. pacinian corpuscle

b. meissner’s corpuscle

c. ruffini corpuscle

d. merkels’s disc

e. root hair plexus

Merkel’s disc

**A tactile receptor that monitors distortions and movements across the body surface is a**

a. merkel’s disc

b. pacinian corpuscle

c. meissner’s corpuscle

d. Ruffini corpuscle

e. root hair plexus

root hair plexus

**Tactile receptors include all of the following,** __**except**__

a. free nerve endings

b. horizontal cells

c. merkel’s disc

d. the root hair plexus

horizontal cells

**All of the following are true of the lacrimal glands,** __**except**__ **that they**

a. are more active during childhood

b. produce most of the volume in tears

c. produce a secretion that contains lysozymes

d. produce watery, slightly alkaline secretions

e. are located in pockets in the frontal bones

produce most of the volume of tears

**Why does the motor homunculus depict that hands, face, and tongue hugely out of proportion?**

a. the brain area devoted to using those regions is vast

b. more motor units are needed for fine control of those areas

c. the cortisol areas mapped for controlling those areas overlap with the sensory regions controlling those areas

d. a and c are correct

More motor units are needed for fine control of those areas

**The medial pathway controls _________, whereas the lateral pathway controls _________**

a. gross movements of the trunk and proximal limbs muscle/distal limb muscle and precise movment

b. background patterns of movement/transmits motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord

c. subconscious control of balance and muscle tone/subconscious control of reflex activity

d. none of these are correct

a. gross movements of the trunk and proximal limbs muscle/distal limb muscle and precise movment

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**Parkinson’s disease manifests which of the following abnormalities?**

a. the motor cortex ceases receiving messages from sensory neurons

b. excitatory neurons in the basal nuclei become more active, leading to fault control of voluntary movements

c. axons that synapse in the thalamus no longer convey messages to the motor cortex

d. GABA is released by neurons in excessive amounts

Excitatory neurons in the basal nuclei become more active, leading the faulty control of voluntary movements

**Which of the following motor pathways remains uncrossed along its length?**

a. vestibulospinal tract

b. tectospinal tract

c. anterior corticospinal tract

d. lateral corticospinal tract

Vestibulospinal tract

**The cerebellum monitors proprioceptive information for which two senses?**

a. visual and hearing

b. hearing and postural information

c. taste and smell

d. vestibular and visual

Vestibular and visual

**Why is cerebellar control over well-practiced movements, such as swinging a baseball bat, important?**

a. voluntary movements begin with activation of far fewer motor units than necessary

b.concentrating on voluntary control using the motor cortex disrupts the pattern and rhythm

c. patterns of movements are unchanging

d. both a and b

Concentrating on voluntary control using the motor cortex disrupts the pattern and rhythm

**How many motor neurons are required to conduct an action potential from the spinal cord to smooth muscles in the wall of the intestine?**

a. one

b. two

c. four

d. six

two

**What physiological changes occur in someone who is confronted by a large, vicious, growing dog?**

a. decrease in metabolic rate and heart rate

b. decrease in mental alertness and dilation of respiratory passageways

c. increase in heart rate and blood pressure

d. increased action of salivary and digestive glands

Increase in heart rate and blood pressure

On a basis of anatomy, how do you distinguish the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division of the ANS?


1. Origin of preganglionic fibers
2. Number of preganglionic fibers
3. Location of PNS ganglia
4. Both a & c are correct

both a and c are correct

**Which of these statements does not describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS?**

a. it is also called the craniosacral division

b. preganglionic fibers originate in the brain stem

c. preganglionic fibers are short

d. postganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia close to or in target organs

Preganglionic fibers are short

**Where do the nerves that synapse in collateral ganglia originate?**

a. lateral gray horns of the spinal cord between spinal segments T5-L2

b. anterior gray horns of the spinal cord between spinal segments T1-L2

c. dorsal grays horns of the spinal cord

d. in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

Lateral gray horns of the spinal cord between spinal segments T5 & L2

**Which structure contains a modified sympathetic ganglion?**

a. sympathetic chain ganglia

b. splanchnic nerves

c. adrenal medulla

d. collateral ganglia

Adrenal medulla

**How does a drug that stimulates acetylcholine receptors affect the sympathetic nervous system?**

a. the drug blocks sympathetic activity

b. the drug decreases sympathetic activity

c. the drug inhibits the parasympathetic division

d. the drug increase sympathetic activity

the drug increases sympathetic activity

**How does a** __**beta**__ **blocker mediate high blood pressure?**

a. the drug aid parasympathetic stimulation

b. the drug decrease blood volume

c. the drug prevents sympathetic stimulation

d. none of the above is correct

The drug decreases blood volume

**Since the sympathetic division travels through T1-L2, how are the organs of the head supplied with sympathetic innervation?**

a. there is no sympathetic innervation to the head

b.preganglionic fibers ascend through the sympathetic trunk to cervical sympathetic ganglia

c. preganglionic fibers ascend through collateral ganglia

d. none of these is correct

Pregangionlic fibers ascend through the sympathetic trunk of cervical sympathetic ganglia

**Which nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the lungs, heart, stomach, liver, pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestines?**

a. glossopharyngeal nerve

b. greater splanchnic nerve

c. vagus nerve

d. facial nerve

Vagus nerve

**Why is the parasympathetic division sometimes referred to ask the “anabolic system”?**

a. its stimulation increase nutrient content of blood

b. its stimulation leads to skeletal muscle growth

c. it increases lipolysis and the breakdown of glycogen

d. its stimulation leads to feeling of energy and euphoria

Its stimulation increases nutrient content of blood

**Which neurotransmitter is released by all neurons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?**

a. norepinephrine

b. epinephrine

c. acetylcholine

d. monoamine oxidase

Acetylcholine

What physiological changes occur in an anxious patient who is about to undergo a root canal procedure?


1. Decrease in motility of digestive tract
2. Increased heart rate
3. Increased breathing rate
4. All of the above

All of the above

**Which of the following is correct concerning dual innervation?**

a. it allows nerves to maintain a background level of activity

b. organs receive information from both sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the ANS

c. where it exists, the two division have the same effects

d. all of the above are correct

Organs receive information from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

**Harry has a brain tumor that is interfering with the function of his hypothalamus. Could this tumor interfere with autonomic function? Why or why not?**

a. yes;hypothalamus regulates ANS

b. yes; all brain tumors affect ANS functioning

c. no; ANS has no relationship with the hypothalamus

d. no; ans functions is regulated by thalamus

Yes; hypothalamus regulates ANS

**Which of the following is** __**not**__ **a characteristic of higher order functions?**

a. requires cerebral cortex

b. involves conscious and unconscious processing

c. part of the programmed wiring of the brain

d. subject to modification over time

Part of the programmed wiring of the brain

**As you recall facts while you take your A&P test, which type of memory are you using?**

a. long term memory

b. skill memory

c. memory consolidation

d. short term memory

Short term memory

Which brain structure(s) aid(s) in making the transition from short term memory to long term memory?


1. Hippocampus
2. Amygdaloid body
3. Nucleus basalis
4. All of the above

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All of the above

Which of these is a fact pertaining to REM sleep?


1. Activity of the cerebral cortex is at a minimum
2. Energy use declines by about 30%
3. There is intense inhibition of somatic motor neurons
4. BP declines by about 30%

There is intense inhibition of somatic motor neurons

Professional ballet dancers have a particularly efficient _________

a. cerebral cortex

b. medulla oblongata

c. basal nucleus

d. cerebellum

cerebellum

Which of the following brain systems is heavily involved in mediating emotional responses?


1. Limbic system
2. Reticular formation
3. Reticular activating system
4. Both a and b

Limbic system

If inhibited, which brain system would allow previously filtered stimuli to enter our consciousness?


1. Limbic system
2. Reticular formation
3. Reticular activating system
4. Both a and b

Reticular activating system

**How does the metabolism of a person in deep sleep differ from that of a person in a coma?**

a. a person in a come has no brain waves

b. a person in a coma consumes far less oxygen than does a sleeping person

c. a person in a deep sleep can be aroused

d. a person in a coma does not display consciousness signals

A person in a coma consumes far less oxygen than does a sleeping person

**A person is most likely to have a nightmare during which stage of sleep?**

a. REM

b. NREM1

c. NREM 2

d. NREM 3 and 4

REM

**Of the following memory types, which do not require conscious attention?**


1. Nondeclarative memory
2. Declarative memory
3. Short-term memory
4. Working memory

Nondeclarative memory

**Which of the following structures would produce less cerebrospinal fluid if it were damaged?**


1. Subarachnoid space
2. Choroid plexus
3. Pia mater
4. Arachnoid villus

choroid plexus

**Why is the blood brain barrier ineffective against alcohol?**

a. alcohol is water soluble

b. the blood brain barrier prevents only blood cells from reaching the brain

c. it isn’t alcohol cannot reach the brain

d. alcohol is lipid soluble

Alcohol is lipid soluble

**Which brain disorder is characterized by memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation, and eventual language loss?**


1. Huntington’s disease
2. Parkinson’s disease
3. Alzheimer’s disease
4. Cerebrovascular accidents

Alzheimer’s disease

**A(n) _________ procedure might be performed to test for viral or bacterial meningitis**

a. epidural tap

b. lumbar tap

c. cervical tap

d. thoracic tap

lumbar tap

**Ascending tracts transmit _________ impulses while descending tracts conduct _________ impulses**

a. motor; sensory

b. sensory; motor

c. spinal;cranial

d. cranial; spinal

sensory; motor

**Which of the following embryonic tissues develops into the adult brain?**


1. Endoderm
2. Ectoderm
3. Mesoderm
4. Neuroderm

Ectoderm

**Which of the following pairs of receptors appear to play complementary roles in hairy and hairless skin?**


1. Tactile discs and lamellar corpuscles
2. Bulbous corpuscles and hair follicle receptors
3. Tendon organs and tactile corpuscles
4. Tactile corpuscles and hair follicle receptors

Tactile corpuscles and hair follicle receptors

**At which level of the somatosensory system are conscious decisions made about low-grade touch stimuli?**

a. receptor level

b. circuit level

c. perceptual level

d. effector level

perceptual level

**When you first enter a movie theatre, the smell of popcorn overwhelms you. Once the movie has ended, however, you don’t notice the popcorn smell. You have experienced _________**

a. phasic sensations

b. tonic sensations

c. generator sensations

d. adaptation

adaptation

**An intensely painful stimulus is distinguished from a mildly painful one by**


1. a higher frequency of action potentials initiated
2. higher-magnitude action potentials
3. an increased number of receptors stimulated
4. all of the above

a higher frequency of action potentials initiated

**The perineurium _________**

a. encloses all the fascicles to form a nerve

b. surrounds axons and Schwann cells

c. binds groups to fibers into bundles

d. contains sensory neurons only

binds groups of fibers into bundles

**CNS and PNS neurons differ in their regeneration capability, mainly because _________**


1. PNS neurons are associated with supporting cells that promote rapid cleanup and regrowth of new axons
2. CNS neurons are associated with oligodendrocytes that contain growth-inhibiting proteins
3. The statement is not true; neither PNS or CNS neurons are capable of axon regeneration
4. Both a and b are true

Both a and b are true

**Which cranial nerve is the exception and travels to the thoracic and abdominal cavities?**

a. trochlear

b. trigeminal

c. vestibulocochlear

d. vagus

Vagus

**Which of the following cranial nerves has both sensory and motor functions?**


1. Facial
2. Trochlear
3. Hypoglossal
4. Accessory

facial

**The dorsal roots along the spinal cord contain _________ neurons, while the dorsal rami contain _________neurons**

a. motor; motor

b. sensory; mixed

c. sensory; motor

d. sensory; motor

sensory; mixed

**A physician can determine the approximate location of a spinal injury simply by testing areas of the skin for numbness. These skin areas are referred to as _________**

a. dermatomes

b. cutaneous areas

c. dermozones

d. cutaneous zones

dermatomes

**Quickly lifting your foot and leg after stepping on a rock is an example of a(n) _________**

a. learned reflex

b. intrinsic reflex

c. voluntary actions

d. central program generator

intrinsic reflex

**The length of a muscle is communicated to the brain via a _________**

a. tendon organ

b. nociceptor

c. muscle spindles

d. lamellar corpuscle

muscle spindle

**A tendon reflex involves _________**

a. muscle contraction and shortening

b. muscle relaxation and lengthing

c. muscle contraction and lengthing

d. muscle relaxation and shortening

muscle relaxation and lengthening

**The crossed-extensor reflex is important when _________**


1. someone taps on your patellar tendon
2. a bright light shines in your eyes
3. your overextend your led during the long jump
4. you step barefoot on a sharp object

you step barefoot on a sharp object

**Neurons that lie entirely within the CNS are called**

a. sensory neurons

b. somatic motor neurons

c. efferent neurons

d. interneurons

e. afferent neurons

interneurons

**Which of the following nervous system organizational pairings are correct?**


1. Efferent neurons of the CNS; somatic motor and autonomic neurons
2. Efferent neurons of the PNS; somatic motor and autonomic neurons
3. Afferent neurons of the PNS; somatic motor and autonomic neurons
4. Afferent neurons of the CNS; somatic motor and autonomic neurons

Efferent neurons of the PNS; somatic motor and autonomic neurons

**Information flow through the nervous system follows the same basic pattern of a reflex: stimulus → sensor → input → signal → integrating center → output signal → target → response. Which of the following is a target of an efferent signal from the PNS?**


1. skeletal muscle
2. smooth muscle
3. cardiac muscle
4. all of the above

all of the above

**If transduction does not occur, what do you perceive about a stimulus?**

a. it is stronger than usual

b. it is as though the stimulus did not take place and you feel nothing

c. UV light was not converted into part of the visible spectrum

d. it is weaker than usual

It is as though the stimulus did not take place and you feel nothing

**Receptor A has a circular receptive field with a diameter of 2.5 cm. Receptor B have a circular receptive field of 7.0 cm in diameter. Which receptor allows you to more precisely localize a stimulus?**

a. receptor A

b. they would provide the same precision of sensory information

c . receptor B

d. it would depend upon the location of the receptors

Receptor A

Distinguishing facts concerning tonic receptors include all of the following except:


1. Tonic receptors are always active
2. The frequency of action potential generation indicates the background level of stimulation
3. Tonic receptors are active for a short time whenever a change occurs in conditions monitored
4. When a stimulus increases or decreases, the rate of action potential generation changes

Tonic receptors are active for a short time whenever a change occurs in conditions monitored

**Which of the following has occurred if you no longer notice the smell of a dirty cat litter box?**


1. peripheral adaptation
2. anosmia
3. sensory coding
4. central adaptation

central adaptation

Which type of general sensory receptor is correctly paired with its function?


1. Mechanoreceptor/detect changes in temperature
2. Chemoreceptors/sensitive to stimuli that distort their cell membranes
3. Thermoreceptors/detect changes in concentration of specific chemicals or compounds
4. None of these are correctly paired

None of these are correctly paired

**Nociceptors are _________ receptors. To what categories of sensations are nociceptors sensitive?**

a. thermoreceptors/extremes of temperature and changes in vibration

b. pain/extremes of temperature, mechanical damage and chemicals released from injured cells

c. pain/changes in pressure or stretch in muscles

d. chemoreceptors/change in concentrations of chemical or compounds

Pain/extremes of temperatures, mechanical damage and chemicals released from injured cells

**A patient who describes their pain as “prickling” is experiencing pain sensations carried by _________**

a. substance P

b. unmyelinated type C fibers

c. glutamate

d. myelinated type A fibers

Myelinated Type A fibers

**What type of fibers carry information about itch and tickle sensations?**

a. unmyelinated type C fibers

b. myelinated type a fibers

c. all nociceptors

d. none of these are correct

Unmyelinated Type C fibers

**Which type of tactile receptor gives you the most information about location, size and shape of the source of stimulation?**

a. root hair plexus

b. free nerve endings

c. tactile (merkel’s) disc

d. lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

Tactile (Merkel’s) discs

**Someone is gently brushing your arm with a feather. Which type of receptor is stimulated?**


1. Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
2. Tactile (Merkel’s) discs
3. Root hair plexuses
4. All of the above

all of the above

**Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?**

a. hearing

b. balance

c. atmospheric pressure

d. hearing and balance

e. hearing balance, taste

hearing and balance

**You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to**

a. smell his food

b. smile

c. blink his eyes

d. nod his head

e. hear your voice

smell his food

**Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the**

a. medulla

b. thalamus

c. cerebral cortex

d. olfactory bulb

e. olfactory tract

olfactory tract

At the optic chiasma,

a. axons from the medial halves of each retina cross

b. axons from the lateral halves of each retina cross

c. axons from the retina synapse on those from the other half

d. the olfactory nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain

e. the optic nerve enters the cerebellum

b. axons from the lateral halves of each retina cross

**A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?**

a. glossopharyngeal

b. hypoglossal

c vagus

d. spinal accessory

e. trigeminal

hypoglossal

**Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve?**


1. loss of the sense of taste
2. tooth pain
3. weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
4. lack of facial expression
5. dry mouth from lack of saliva

weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

**The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the**

a. vagus nerve

b. accessory nerve

c. abducens nerve

d. trigeminal nerve

e. hypoglossal nerve

vagus nerve

**A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is**

a. somnolence

b. sleep

c. stupor

d. coma

e. a chronic vegetative state

coma

**The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are _________ waves**

a. alpha

b. beta

c. theta

d. delta

e. gamma

alpha

**The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is _________ and the other promoting deep sleep is _________**

a. acetylcholine; serotonin

b. serotonin; norepinephrine

c. norepinephrine; serotonin

d. dopamine; GABA

norepinephrine; serotonin

**During _________ sleep, dreaming occurs**

a. REM

b. deep

c. beta

d. stage 1

e. stage 2

REM

**Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by**

a. stimulating receptors for norepinephrine

b. blocking acetylcholine receptors

c. increasing the production of GABA

d. stimulating serotonin receptors

e. mimicking the actions of dopamine

stimulating serotonin receptors

**What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake?**

a. agitation

b. hallucinations

c. depression

d. parkinson’s

e. huntington’s

depression

**An age-related decline in mental function characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory, language, and personality is called**

a. delirium agitans

b. senile dementia

c. persistent vegetative state

d. somnolence of the aged

e. progressive cerebral dysfunction

senile dementia

**Changes in the central nervous system that accompany aging include all of the following** __**except**__


1. reduction in brain size and weight
2. decrease in the number of neurons
3. decreased blood flow to the brain
4. changes in synaptic organization in the brain
5. increased memory storage

changes in synaptic organization in the brain

**Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by all of the following** __**except**__ **that is**


1. is the most common cause of senile dementia
2. is characterized by a progressive loss of memory
3. has a clear genetic basis
4. is associated the formation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
5. may be associated with damage to the nucleus basalis

has a clear genetic basis

**identify the origin of the axon labeled 2**

a. lower motor neuron

b. upper motor neuron

c. decussation of neurons

d. second-order neuron

e. ganglionic neuron

b upper motor neuron

**the axon labeled 2 synapses with which structure**

a. 1

b.3

c. 4

d. 5

e. 6

5

**identify the structure labeled 3**

a. ventral root

b. upper motor neurons

c. first order neurons

d. second order neurons

e. dorsal root

ventral root

**what occurs in this neural pathway at label “3”**

a. synapse

b. communication between sensory and motor neurons

c. amplification of motor signals

d. decussation

e. autonomic reflexes

d. decussation

**identify the structure labeled 1**

a. primary sensory cortex

b. primary motor cortex

c. thalamus

d. autonomic motor centers

e. basal nuclei

b. primary motor cortex

**identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled 4**

a. motor commands to skeletal muscles

b. proprioception to the cerebral cortex

c. fine touch to the cerebral cortex

d. pain and crude touch sensations

e. visceral motor commands to smooth muscle

motor commands to skeletal muscles