Ch. 9 parts 2 and 3: 3rd Line of Defense/Vaccines & Autoimmune Diseases/Antibiotics

what does it mean to be specific in recognition?

you are not born with it, it is learned by the body based on previous exposure to pathogens

what cells does specific immunity include?

B and T cells

where do B cells mature?

they stay in the bone marrow

where do T cells mature?

they go to the thymus gland

when B and T cells are mature, where do they reside?

the lymph nodes

in what form does a T cell recognize an antigen?

processed

in what form does a B cell recognize an antigen?

intact

after an immune response with B and T cells, what type of cells are left behind? (basis of immunity)

memory cells

what specific B cells make antibodies?

plasma cells

name 4 things that antibodies can do to help stop or eliminate an infectious agent.

cause clumping, attract phagocytes, activate complement, neutralize the antigen

what is a T cell’s mode of action? types of cells they produce?

direct interaction with cells, some can kill cells. produce various cells including memory cells

what is a B cell’s mode of action? types of cells they produce?

indirect action through antibodies. produce plasma and memory cells

describe the primary immune response

relatively slow, not very strong, not very long lasting

describe the secondary immune response

fast, strong, long-lasting. anytime after first exposure - mediated by memory cells.

what cells result from a primary immune response that gives us immunity in the secondary immune response?

memory cells

what is active immunity? give 2 examples

actively having an immune response. getting sick and vaccines

what is passive immunity? give 2 examples

short term immunity is given to you, you do not make memory cells. maternal antibodies through breastfeeding and monoclonal antibodies

what is in a vaccine?

killed or weakened antigens that allow the body to make antibodies

what is the purpose of a vaccine?

to increase immunity in a population and therefore reduce disease and death

do vaccines decrease the incidence of disease?

yes, especially when most people in a population are vaccinated

what is herd immunity and how does it help unvaccinated individuals?

herd immunity is when 80-95% of the population are vaccinated, and this constrains the spread of disease, protecting those who cannot get vaccinated

why might someone choose to not be vaccinated or not vaccinate their child?

they are misinformed and believe that vaccines cause autism from a false article

what is an autoimmune disease? give a couple examples

when antibodies recognize our own cells as foreign. type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis

are women or men more affected by autoimmune diseases?

women

are younger or older people more affected by autoimmune diseases?

younger people

what infectious agents are antibiotics meant to be used for?

bacteria

what would be a good structure on a bacterial cell to make antibiotics against because our animal eukaryotic cells lack this structure?

cell wall

explain some things that humans do that contribute to the rise in antibiotic resistance. what can we do to stop this increase?

• taking unnecessary antibiotics → can stop pressuring our doctors to prescribe meds and ask questions to confirm we really need antibiotics

• not taking antibiotics correctly → can finish the entire dosage, take them at the correct intervals, not share them with others

• giving antibiotics to our food animals → can eat organic meat or no meat at all

why is it a poor practice to feed antibiotics to our food animals such as chickens and cows?

the antibiotics make animals more resistant to antibiotics, making them more likely to be sick from superbugs. if we eat this infected meat without cooking it properly, we can get sick with the superbugs.

why do pharmaceutical companies not make many antibiotics?

antibiotics are not used for chronic illnesses, and medications for chronic illnesses make the companies more money