CSD FINAL

Hemispheres

Left & right

Left hemisphere (the details)

• Reading

• Writing

• Spoken language

• Auditory comprehension

• Reason

Right hemisphere

• Prosody

• Facial expression (producing and interpreting) & recognition

• Body language (producing and interpreting)

• Attention

• Visuopatial skills

Frontal lobe

• Cognitive functions (ex. Reasoning)

• Speech

• Expressive language

• Motors strip

• Broca’s area

Partieal lobe

• Touch perception

• Interpretation

Temporal lobe

• Receptive language

• Long term memory

Occipital lobe

• Visual perception

• Interpretation

Gyrus

A ridge on the surface of the brain, between two clefts

Sulcus

A groove in the brain

Fissure (deep sulcus)

Deep, long opening that doesn’t close off

Neurons

Functional building blocks of nervous system, transmits info. Neuron to neuron / neurons to muscles or glands

Soma

Cell body

Dendrite

Transmits info towards the soma

Axon

Transmits info away from the soma

Synapse

The junction between two communicating neurons

Synaptic cleft

The region between two communicating neurons into which neurotransmitter is released

Parts of a neuron

• Soma

• Dendrite

• Axon

• Synapse

• Synaptic cleft

Precentral gyrus

Motor movements

Post central gyrus

Sensory strip

What are the meninges

• Dura mater

• Arachnoid mater

• Pia mater

Dura mater

Tough mother, most superficial of meningeal lining, bilayered

Arachnoid mater

Spider mother, many blood vessels, separate dura mater from pia mater

Pia mater

Faithful mother, thin membranous covering that closely follows contour of the brain, major arteries and veins and found within

Structures of the brain stem

• Medulla

• Pons

• Midbrain

Medulla

Inferior most segment of brain stem

Pons

Bridge between medulla and midbrain; relay info

Midbrain

Superior most structure of brain stem, motor movement, movement of eye and auditory & visual processing

Central nervous system

Brain & spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

12 pairs of cranial nerves (comes off of brain stem) & 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Automatic nervous system

Governs involuntary activities of the visceral muscles (glandular sections, heart function, and digestive function)

Somatic nervous system

Voluntary component, control of all skeletal or somatic muscles

Ischemia

Cessation of blood flow to neural tissue

Hemorrhaging

Rupturing of blood vessel

Thrombosis

Closure of a blood vessel by a foreign object (stationary)

Embolism

Closure of a blood vessel by a floating clot or traveling substance

Aneurysm

Ballooning of a blood vessel due to a weak wall

Hypertension

High blood pressure

CVA (cerebovasular accident) aka stroke

Refers to events that cause cessation of blood flow to neural tissue

Open tbi

Fracture of the skull

Closed tbi

When the skull strikes an object

Aphasia

An acquired language disorder typically brought about cva; impairs speaking, understanding speech, reading, and writing, making it hard to communicate

Dysarthria

Speech disorder

• Paralysis, muscular weakness

• Dis coordination of speech musculature

• Happening within motor strip, does not affect language

Cranial nerve responsible for hearing

Vestibulocochlear never (8 VIII)

Physiology of hearing

Two components of the outer ear

Pinna & external auditory meatus (ear canal)

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Separates outer from middle ear

Bones of the middle ear

Ossicles/ossicular chain

Middle ear function

Provides means of transmission of acoustic energy

Tympanic muscles

• Stapedius

• Tensor tympani

Biological function of the ear

Hearing

Ossicular chain

Stapes, incus, malleus

Middle ear consists of

Oval window and auditory/eustachian tube

Oval window

Footplate of stapes is embedded here; mechanical to hydraulic

Auditory/Eustachian tube

Aeration of middle ear space

Anatomy

Study of the structure of an organism

Physiology

Study of the function of an organism

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

Promixal

Nearer to trunk or point of origin

Distal

Further from trunk or point or origin

Coronal/frontal plane

Front & back

Sagittal plane

Left & right

Transverse plane

Up& down

Foremen

An opening or hole

Corpus

a distinct mass, body, or main part of an organ or structure

primary muscle of inspiration

Diaphragm

Biological function of respiratory system

exchange of gas between and organism and its environment

Biological function of phonatory system

Sound production, protector of lungs

Terminology for swallowing deficit

Dysphasia

Types of teeth

• Central incisors

• Lateral incisors

• Cuspids

• Bicuspids

• Molars

Stages of mastication and deglutition

Oral, pharyngeal, Esophageal

Structure that forms the floor of the scala media

Basilar membrane

Structure that completely separates the outer ear from inner

Tympanic membrane

Rows of hair cells in the organ of corti

4 (3 outer, 1 inner)

The ossicular chain is held in place by a series of strategically placed ____ that suspend the ossicles from the walls of the middle ear cavity

Ligaments

Long, collapsed tube running parallel and posterior to the trachea

Esophagus

The ___ stage is the stage of the swallow involving the transit of the bolus to the esophagus and includes numerous physiological protective responses

Pharyngeal

Most frequent tool for assessing swallowing function

Modified barium swallow study

What lobe is wernickes area in

Temporal

Information super highway of the brain

Corpus callosum

Both wenicke’s and broca area

Global aphasia

Biological function of the larynx

To protect the airway

3 structures important for articulation

Lips tongue, velum

Air pressure below vocal fold

Subglottal