Yeppers

Real niggas and shit

obligate intracellular parasites

Requires living host cells to multiply

Virus definitive features

Contains dna or rna not both

Protein coat

Transfer Viral nucleic acid

host range

The spectrum of host cells a virus can infect

A bacteriophage can infect \________.

bacteria

Virus rang from \_____ to \____

20nm to 100nm

Virion

complete, fully developed viral particle, capable of causing infection

Capsid

Outer protein coat of a virus

Nucleic acid and capsid

nucleocapsid

all virions possess

Spikes

Step 1. Virus multiplication

Adsorption: virus attaches to receptors on host cell membrane

Step 2. Virus multiplication

Penetration and uncoating

Step 3. Virus multiplication

Synthesis: nucleic acid replication and protein production

Step 4. Virus multiplication

Assembly: nucleic acid and capsid proteins come together to form nucleocapsid

Step 5. Virus multiplication

Relase: by budding or rupture

adsoprtion

Virus attaches to receptors on host cell

Penetration and uncoating

Virus enteres cell in a vacuole by membrane fusion or receptor-mediated endocytosis
Enzymes in vacuole dissolve membrane and capsid to release DNA

Budding

Virus acquires portion of host cell membrane

rupture

Nonenveloped viruses escape through holes in membrane ; host cell dies

Cytopathic effects of viruses

Visible effects of infection

Cytocidal effects: kill cells

Creates inclusbodies in the cell cytoplasm

cytopathic effects

Changing host cell function or inducing chromosomal changes

Integration of oncogenic viruses can activate

oncogenes

Oncogenes

Cell growth or inhibition of apoptosis

Activated oncogenes allow cells designated for apoptosis to survive and proliferate

Normals cells transform into \___

Tumor cells

oncogenic viruses

Can become integrated into the host cells DNA and induce tumors

Oncoviruses facts

Most visions do not induce cancer

Cancer may develop long after initial infection

Cancer caused by viruses are not contagious

latent infection

Periods with no infection virus; reactivation may occur due to changes in immunity

chronic infection

Infection virus present at all times; occurs gradually

lytic cycle

Phage causes lysis and death of the host cell

lysogenic cycle

Phage DNA is incorporated in the host DNA

Virus multiplication in bacteriophage

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

Lysogeny

phage remains latent

Phage DNA incorporates into host cell DNA

Called a prophage

Lysogenic phages can reproduce using \____ and \____

Lytic and lysogenic cycles

Phages in ager form ___

Plaques

Virus in embryonated eggs

Virus injected into eggs

Prions

infectious proteins

Prions cause

Spongiform enecephalopathies (brain sponge)

Proton are inherited by \___

Transplants and surgical instruments

PrPc

normal cellular prion protein, on the cell surface

PrPsc

scrapie protein; accumulates in brain cells, forming plaques

Essential nutrient

required chemicals that microbes cannot make on their own; must be provided to the organism

Macronutrients

required in relatively large quantities and play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism

cytoplasm is what percent water

70-80%

organic compounds

97% of dry cell

Elements (C,H,N,O,P,S)

96% of dry cell

How do organisms obtain carbon

being heterotroph

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes

chemoptroh

gets energy from chemical compounds

Saprobs

consumes decomposing matter

Osmosis

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

istonic solution

solute concentrations equal inside and outside of cell; water is at equilibrium

Hypertonic

contain a higher concentration of solutes (i.e. NaCl) than inside the cell ( water goes out)

plasmolysis

cell cytoplasm shrinks

Hypotonic solutions

solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell; water moves into cell

osmotic lysis

swelling and bursting of a cell in a hypotonic solution

passive processes/transport

requires no energy; high to low concentration

active processes/transport

Requires energy and uses pumps

passive transport and active

occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Simple diffusion

molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

transport proteins move molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Osmosis

movement of water across membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

Endocytosis

cell engulfs substance in its membrane

Phagocytosis

White blood cells eat cells or large material

Pinocytosis

Ingestion of liquids such as oils or molecules in solution

Mesophiles

moderate-temperature-loving (25-40oC/77-104oF)

Psychrophiles

cold-loving microbes

Thermophiles

heat loving microbes

Psychrotolerant (Psychrotrophs)

opt temperature

Mircrbos that use oxygen

obtain more energy from food

Oxygenis

toxic

Bacteria that grow in the presence of O2

superoxide dismutase

Obligate aerobes

require oxygen

facultative anaerobes

grow via fermentation when oxygen is not available

Anaerobes

unable to use oxygen and most are harmed by it

Aerotolerant anaerobes

tolerate but cannot use oxygen

Microaerophiles

require oxygen concentration lower than air

Acidophiles

grow in acidic environments

Alkaliphiles

grow in basic environments

bacterial growth

increase in cell number, not cell size

binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

generation time

time required for a cell to divide

bacteria growth

increase in number of cells very fast

Bacterial growth curves

1. lag phase
2. log phase
3. stationary phase
4. death phase

lag phase of bacterial growth

The first phase of the bacterial growth curve, in which organisms acclimate to their surrounding; they grow in size but do not increase in number.

Log phase of bacterial growth

exponential growth

stationary phase of bacterial growth

as resources are reduced, growth levels off

death phase of bacterial growth

microbes die off

direct measurement of microbial growth

plate count, filtration, direct microscopic count

Serial dilutions

of original sample provide plates with colonies in this range

Plate Counts

Counts are performed on bacteria mixed into a dish with agar

Turbidity

measurement of cloudiness with a spectrophotometer

Metabolism

cellular chemical reactions that buildup and breakdown nutrients

Anabolism

the synthesis of cell molecules and structures; uses energy

Catabolism

Breaks the bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules; releases energy

Bacterial metabolism negative effect

Disease and food spoilage

Bacterial metabolism positive effect

Nitrogen cycle, food production, sewage treatment

Enzymes

biological catalysts; binding sites

Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

Transformation

the specific process where exogenous genetic material is directly taken up and incorporated by a cell through its cell membrane

Temporary enzyme

substrate union must occur at active site ( lock and key)