EOP (junior)

Name personal protective equipment?

Safety goggles, gloves, gown

What are five kinds of evidence collected by a forensic scientist?

DNA (below the fingernails), bodily fluids (vomit, blood, saliva), documents (ID, wallet, photos), Shoe prints/fingerprints, medications found (drugs/injections)

What are ways to determine the cause of death?

Glaister equation (algor mortis), rigor mortis, lividity

What is the Glaister equation?

Determines the hour of death since time of measuring rectal temperature (98.4°F - measured rectal temperature/1.5)

What is rigor mortis?

Stiffening of the joints and muscles of a body a few hours after death, usually lasting from one to four days

What is lividity?

Reddish-to bluish- purple discoloration of the skin due to the settling and pooling of blood following death

Define experiment

A research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable

Define independent variable

The variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher

Define dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested

What are the 7 Steps of experimental design?

1) Identify the problem or question. 2) Predict the solution to the problem. 3) Design an experiment to test your hypothesis. 4) Carry out the experiment. 5) Analyze the data and observations. 6) State the conclusion. 7). Summarize the experiment

Define Control Group

the group in an experiment where the independent variable being tested is not applied so that it serves as a standard for comparison against the experimental group where the independent variable is applied

Define Negative Control

Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome. Help identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for when the procedure was created

Define Positive Control

Group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher to show that the experiment setup was capable of producing results1.1.9 Utilize appropriate medical terminology and abbreviations

Define auto-immune diseases and their characteristics

Immune response that targets, kill, or damage cells from ones own self.

Example of auto-immune disease?

immune system attacking synovial joints causing rheumatoid arthritis. Or multiple sclerosis where the immune system attacks and degrades the myelin sheath on nerve cells

What do food labels include?

Outlines the amount of macromolecules, vitamins and minerals the food contains, serving size, calories per serving, and total servings

Define Obesity

A disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems

Define Type 2 Diabetes

A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes glucose

Define Lung Cancer

A cancer that occurs in the lungs and most often occurs in people who smoke.

Define STI

Disease transmitted by direct contact (often sexually)

Define Heart Disease

Heart conditions that include diseased vessels, structural problems, and blood clots

Complications of lifestyle diseases

All lifestyles diseases cause the body high stress and have the possibility of developing: Death, Depression, Anxiety, Heart Issues, High Blood Pressure, Cancer, Metabolic Syndrome, High Cholesterol.

Identify the main structures of the heart.

left atria, right atria, left ventricle and right ventricle

Describe the main structures of the heart's functions.

Ventricles pump blood while the Atria receive blood from different structures such as; Superior and Inferior vena cavas and coronary sinus

Diagram the flow of blood to, through and from the heart.

Inferior/Superior Vena Cava -› Right Atrium -› Tricuspid Valve -› Right Ventricle -› pulmonary valve -› pulmonary artery -› lungs -› pulmonary vein -› left atrium -› mitral valve (bicuspid) -› left ventricle -› aortic valve -› aorta -› body

What is the electrical activity in the heart?

Atria contract to fill the ventricles -› ventricles contract to send blood to the lungs and peripheral circulation -› (S-A node generates the signal) signal travels through internodal pathways and atrial muscle (atria contracts) -› A-V node and bundle delay the signal and send it to the ventricles-› purkinje fibers carry signal throughout ventricles, spreads, and causes contraction

Compare the structure and function of arteries and veins.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins are blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart. Walls of veins are thinner than arteries.

Define heart rate and blood pressure.

Heart rate is the amount of beats per minute your heart produces and blood pressure is the amount of blood flowing through your vessels and force of bouncing off the walls.

Describe the prevention of various infectious agents.

Frequent handwashing, up to date vaccinations, proper hygiene, quarantine

Describe the treatment for various infectious agents.

If bacteria cause a disease, treatment with antibiotics usually kills the bacteria and ends the infection. Viral infections are usually treated with supportive therapies, like rest and increased fluid intake.

Interpret codes of conduct for a variety of career pathways

When dealing with patients, doctors must exemplify standards of behavior including "courtesy, respect, dignity, responsiveness, and timely attention to (patient) needs. The ethical principles prohibit sexual relations between doctors and patients, and between doctors and their supervisees

Explain the importance of confidentiality when dealing with patients

Confidentiality helps build and develop trust

What is confidentiality?

ensuring that the personal information (includes: name, date of birth, age, sex and address, medical history or records) of the patient is protected (this information should only be discussed between you and the patient only)

Describe the major patient problems written into the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Adults have the right to keep any information about themselves confidential, which includes that information being kept from family and friends

Define Informed consent

"obtaining personal information with the formal permission of the client or a person who has the legal authority to provide permission on behalf of the client" if discussed should be within the workplace

Define HIPPA

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is a federal law that requires the creation of national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient's consent or knowledge.

Identify the systems and structures involved in basic body processes

Cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, Nervous, Integumentary, Urinary, Skeletal, Reproductive, Lymphatic, Muscular

Explain the functions of the cardiovascular system.

transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removes metabolic waste

List major organs within the cardiovascular system.

heart, blood vessels, blood

Explain the functions of the respiratory system.

facilitates the exchange of gasses between the air and the blood and between the blood and the body's cells

List major organs within the respiratory system.

nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, lungs

Explain the functions of the digestive system

breakdown of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the body

List major organs within the digestive system

mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, appendix, rectus, anus

Explain the functions of the endocrine system

produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood

List major organs within the endocrine system

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, ovaries, testes

Explain the functions of the nervous system

transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring

List major organs within the nervous system

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, the brain and spinal cord

Explain the functions of the integumentary system

comprises the skin and its appendages acting to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside

List major organs within the integumentary system.

skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands

Explain the functions of the urinary system.

eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH

List major organs within the urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra

Explain the functions of the skeletal system

providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body

List major organs within the skeletal system

bones, cartilage, ligaments

Explain the functions of the reproductive system

sexual reproduction

List major organs within the reproductive system

vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, testes

Explain the functions of the lymphatic system

The network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood

List major organs within the lymphatic system

Bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen. tonsils

Explain the functions of the muscular system

permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body

List major organs within the muscular system

skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles

Explain the functions of the immune system

fight infection (microbes)

List major organs within the immune system

white blood cells, antibodies, the spleen, the thymus, and the bone marrow

Describe the interface between the endocrine and the digestive system

Enzymes from the endocrine system go into the digestive system to help break down foods

Describe the interface between the Endocrine and urinary system

Enzymes and hormones of the endocrine system affect the urinary system. Hormones like ADH help in controlling water retention in the urinary system.

Describe the interface between the Endocrine and reproductive system

The reproductive system directly coincides with the endocrine system. Organ structures like the ovaries and testes are involved in both systems. Hormones such as testosterone and estrogen directy are an effect of or effect either system.

Describe the interface between the Lymphatic and immune system

The lymphatic and immune system work closely together to keep the body healthy and free from foreign invaders. The lymphatic system rids the body of toxins and contains antibodies and lymphocytes that help to ward off intruders.

Describe the interface between the Nervous and muscular system

Motor neurons in the nervous system directly affect the function of the muscular system. Without impulses from motor neurons, muscles would not be able to contract, therefore hindering muscle movement.

Describe the interface between the Cardiovascular and respiratory system

The cardiovascular and respiratory system both work together to get oxygen in and around your body. The respiratory system brings in oxygen from the air and the cardiovascular system pumps blood into the lungs in order to take the oxygen that was inhaled.

Describe the interface between the Skeletal and muscular system

The skeletal system and the muscular system work together to make the body move and give the body integrity. Muscles attach to the skeleton in order to move the bones of the body as required in any motion.

Describe the interface between the Endocrine and nervous system

The nervous system acts directly onto the endocrine system. In reaction to a stimulus, the nervous system can send signals to certain endocrine organs to produce the desired hormones needed at the specific time of stimulus.

Explain and demonstrate how directional terms and regional terms can be used to pinpoint location on the body.

It gives a point of standardized reference, avoiding confusion even internationally.

Explain how restriction enzymes cut DNA

Restriction enzymes cut DNA based on the different sequences to which they recognize. The sequences that restriction enzymes recognize and where they make their cuts are called recognition sites.

What happens when restriction enzymes cut DNA?

they can either create blunt or sticky ends

What are blunt ends in DNA?

There are no unpaired bases or overhangs at the end of the fragments, thus harder to clone and match.

What are sticky ends?

There are unpaired bases or overhangs at the end of the fragments, easier to reattach to similar ends.

How contemporary technologies visualize DNA fragments with different mass?

Gel Electrophoresis

How does gel electrophoresis work?

After fragments are cut, they are put into a gel electrophoresis to examine fragment size. Fragments are placed in wells on the negatively charged side of the gel. The farther the fragment travels, the shorter the size of the fragment.

What are the steps of current technology to analyze DNA fingerprints?

1) A sensor made out of tiny cells use the flow of electricity to determine when the finger is being pressed onto a sensor. 2) The software will use key elements to identify the fingerprint, such as ridges and patterns like arches, whorls, or double loops to map out the specific print. 3) Once the software has obtained the fingerprint, it will determine if the finger matches the primary fingerprint with the usage of the unique key elements that differ from other people's fingerprints.

Define Biometrics technology

a field of science that is able to gain someone's identity through any physical and behavioral characteristics of the body, may it be from fingerprints and handwriting.

Describe the structure of the central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord

Function of the Brain?

integrates most of our sensory information and coordinates function, both consciously and unconsciously. It also controls thinking and feeling of recognition and regulation of homeostasis.

Function of the spinal cord?

Serves as a conduit for signals between the brain and the body. Controls voluntary movement, such as speaking and walking and involuntary movements such as breathing

Describe living nervous tissue

Is the consistency of jelly and requires special protection from physical damage.

How is the CNS protected?

The entire CNS is encased in bone. The brain is within the cranium, while the spinal cord runs within a canal through the vertebrae. Within its bony case, the entire CNS is bathed in a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a colorless fluid produced by special structures in the brain. CF provides a special chemical environment for nervous tissue, as well as an additional buffer against physical damage.

The special chemical environment of nervous tissue is maintained by what?

the relatively impermeable membranes of capillaries in the CNS. (aka blood-brain barrier)

Define Gray matter

consists of nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axons. Neurons in gray matter organize either in layers, as in the cerebral cortex, or as clusters called nuclei.

Define White matter

consists mostly of axons, causing it to look white due to the myelin sheathing of the axons.

What is the highest region of the brain?

the cerebrum (includes both the cerebral cortex that is visible on the outside of the brain as well as other internal structures.)

What is the cerebrum responsible for?

conscious sensation and voluntary movement, as well as advanced functions such as thinking, learning and emotion.

What does the thalamus do?

act as relay stations for incoming sensory message

What does the amygdala do?

controls anger and fear

What does the Hypothalamus do?

control of emotional responses, regulation of body temp., regulation of hunger and thirst sensations, regulation of sleep-wake cycle

What do the Pons do?

relays information between the cerebrum and cerebellum, respiration rate

What does the Cerebellum do?

located dorsal to the pons and medulla, smoothing and coordinating body movements, helps maintain equilibrium, and balance

What does the Cerebrum do?

Higher level brain functions; controls thoughts, emotions, memory, reasoning, language, and processing of sensory information

What does the Cerebral Cortex do?

Outer layer of the brain, thinking, organizing, and creative center.

What does the Spinal Cord do?

bundle of nerves that run up and down the length of the back and send most messages between the body and brain

What do the Axons do?

sends signals

What do the Dendrites do?

receives signals from other neurons

What does the Myelin do?

a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses

What do the Glial cells do?

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons