Life is Cellular Test

Zacharias Jansen

invented the first microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

made first simple microscope
known as the "Father of Microbiology"

Robert Hooke

first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.
built the first compound microscope

What are the four microscopes?

compound light microscope,
scanning electron microscope
transmission electron microscope
simple microscope

Matthias Schleiden

concluded that all plants are made of cells

Theodor Schwann

concluded that all animals are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow

proposed that new cells are formed only from cells that already exist

What does the cell theory state?

1. All living things are made up of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Nucleus

Control center of the cell that contains DNA

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell. only found in plant cells.

Vacuoles

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Central (Large) Vacuole

A large sac in plant cells that is filled with water (and other materials) that strengthen and support the cell

Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

Ribosomes

protein synthesis, made in the nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.

lipid bilayer

gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. It's semipermeable/selectively permeable.

receptor proteins

Protein in the lipid bilayer that has a binding site. Cells respond to the binding of the specific molecule in the binding site.

transport proteins

membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane

carrier proteins

under the transport protein:
bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane

channel proteins

under the transport protein:
provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane

recognition proteins

provide a "fingerprint" for the cell, so it can be recognized by other cells. They have a carbohydrate chain attached to them.

Cholesterol

found in the lipid bilayer that helps maintain the flexibility of the membrane.

fluid mosaic model

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

phospholipase

digests phospholipids

Active Cell Transport

movement of molecules from low to high concentrations across the cell membrane that requires energy

bulk transport

The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Endocytosis

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

Pinocytosis

a pocket being formed to engulf liquid particles

Passive Cell Transport

movement of molecules from high to low concentration without using energy

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

simple diffusion

Movement of molecules through the bilayer without help. They go through easily.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

isotonic solution

A solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell, resulting in the cell retaining its normal shape because there is no net movement of water.

hypotonic solution

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water. The cell swells up, or it creates a turgid cell.

hypertonic solution

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water. The cell shrinks, or the cytoplasm shrinks in plant cells.

Unicellular

Made of a single cell

Multicellular

Made up of more than one cell.

cell specification

how cells become specified to a specific type

Specialized animal cells

muscle cells, red blood cells, cheek cells

specialized plant cells

periderms and guard cells

Levels of organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.

Pili

Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA

examples of prokaryotic cells

Bacteria

Examples of eukaryotic cells

plants, animals, fungi, protists

Mircofilaments

support the cell's shape and are involved in motility

What would happen if the membrane did not allow water or solute particles to pass through it during diffusion?

Nothing would happen because it isn't permeable and nothing will go through.

What do the carbohydrate chains on some membrane proteins do?

The carbohydrate chains help recognize the good molecules from the bad molecules to enter the cell.

How did Robert Hooke come up with the name for the cells?

He took a slice of nonliving cork and looked at it through a telescope. He was met with numerous amounts of empty chambers, which reminded him of a monastery's tiny rooms; therefore, he called them 'cells'.

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek observe?

He observed a sample from pond water and other things. He found multiple living organisms that seemed to be "everywhere." He also observed things such as blood, bacteria in the mouth, sperm, and muscle fibers.

Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Chromatin

a complex of DNA bound to proteins

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules form a tubelike structure. They play an important role in maintaining the cell shape.

Cells can have multiple flagella.

a. True
b. False

a. True

What is the analogy for the nucleus?

the boss

What is the difference between plant ande animal cells?

Plant cells contain chloroplast, a central vacuole, and a cell wall. Animal cells do not.

What are the properties of a phospholipid?

Lipids contain a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

nucleoid region

site of DNA replication

What are six (6) structures in eukaryotic animal cells that aren't found in prokaryotic cells?

Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Smooth E.R., Rough E.R., Nucleus, and Mitochondria

What are four (4) structures found in both, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Cell membrane, DNA, Ribosomes, and cytoplasm

What are three (3) structures found in plant cells, but not animal cells?

Chloroplast, central vacuole, and cell wall

What types of cells are in a tiger, fungi, and a human?

Eukaryotic

What types of cells are Pseudomonas bacteria, E. Coli bacterium, and Streptococcus bacterium?

Prokaryotic

What types of cells are there in algae and mushrooms?

Eukaryotic

Nucleoplasm

Fluid inside the nucleus

What analogy is given to the cytoplasm?

The floor

What type of analogy is given to the nucleolus?

The secretary

What type of analogy is given to the cell membrane?

the security guard

What type of analogy is given to the cell wall?

The fence/ wall

What analogies are given to the vacuoles?

The water tank, the storage unit, or the fridge

What analogy is given to the lysosomes?

The janitors

What analogy is given to the Cytoskeleton?

The columns of the building

What analogies are given to the Centrioles?

The CEO or the manager

What analogy is given to the mitochondria?

The generator

What analogy is given to the chloroplast?

The solar panels

What analogy is given to the ribosomes?

The main product

What analogy is given to the Golgi apparatus?

The delivery guy

What are examples of unicellular organisms using phagocytosis?

1) White blood cells use phagocytosis to engulf bacteria.
2) Amoeba use phagocytosis to "eat" paramecium.

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

Vesicles

store and move materials between cell organelles, as well as to and from the cell surface

What are the differences between vacuoles and vesicles?

Vesicles can fuse with other membranes within the cell system, while Vacuoles can't. Vacuoles are also bigger than vesicles.

osotomic pressure

a force caused by the net movement of water out of or into a call

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Receptor

protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response. signal molecules can bind to it.