UCI Bio 93 Midterm 1 (copy)

Carbonyl within a skeleton

Ketone

Carbonyl at the end of a skeleton

Aldehyde

Carbonyl

sugars: ketose, aldehyde

Methyl

stabilizes DNA, keeps genes unexpressed (DNA METHYLation)
- ____ is a methylated compound

Hydroxyl

alcohols (end in -ol), very reactive due to O, soluble in H2O

Methyl group + DNA

An effect in expression of genes

Phosphate

monomer, VERY important for ATP b/c it adds a (-) charge & reacts w/ water to release energy

Amino

Is a weak base, (Monomer is amines)

Carboxyl

organic acid, polar covalent bond b/t O+H

Sulfhydryl

(Thiols) Helps stabilize protein structure

Intermolecular

weaker than intramolecular

Intramolecular

stronger bond than intermolecular

What bond links two monosaccharides together?

Glycosidic Linkage

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA), Lipids, Proteins

Phospholipid Bilayer

Diffusion

The movement of particles of any substance so that they spread out into the available space

Passive Transport

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane

Osmosis

The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane (Artificial or Cellular)

Tonicity

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Isotonic

No net movement of water across the plasma membrane.

Hypertonic Solution

Hypotonic Solution

Plasmolysis

hypotonic environment to plant cell is ideal (turgid)
isotonic = flaccid, slightly wilting
hypertonic = plasmolyzed

Facilitated Diffusion

a type of passive transport that uses channel/carrier protein

Active Transport

When a cell uses ENERGY to pump a solute across a membrane

Lyse

Burst

Phagocytosis

A cell engulfs a particle

Pinocytosis

a cell continually "gulfs" droplets of extracellular fluids into tiny vesicles; cell "drinking"

Isotonic Solution

Have direct passage through the lipid bilayer

Steroids, small hydrocarbons, nonpolar molecules, gases like CO2, O2

Needs transport proteins

Hydrophilic, charged ions, larger molecules
- Specific Transport protein for every substance

Channel protein

Carrier Protein

All transport proteins involved in active transport are ______________

Carrier proteins

Sodium Potassium Pump

Na+ out, K+ in --> overall charge inside cell is (-)

Takes in 3 Na, Then an ATP gives a phosphate, then Na is released and 2 K are taken into cell.

Sodium Potassium Pump

What is ATP after giving up a phosphate

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Co-Transporter

Endocytosis

Vesicle is formed from plasma membrane, bringing external molecules inside cell

Exocytosis

Internal membrane vesicle fuses with plasma membrane, releasing molecules to outside

3 types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

LDL

Low Density Lipoproteins

HDL

High Density Lipoproteins

LDL Connects to ______, then _____ connects to the receptors, then ______ connects to the adaptin.

LDL Receptors, Adaptin, Clathrin

What Organelle creates ATP

Mitochondria

The sites of photosynthesis in plant cells

Chloroplasts

Process that converts sunlight into sugars for the plant

Photosynthesis

Cristae

Inner membrane of mitochondria

Flattened interconnected sacs in Chloroplasts

Thylakoids

A Stack of thylakoids

Granum

Fluid outside thylakoids that contains Chloroplast DNA/Ribosomes

Stroma

A specilized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane.

Peroxisome

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Obvious function of the cytoskeleton

Support and maintain the shape of the cell

Cell motility

changes in cell location and movement

Interacts with the cytoskeleton to help it move

Motor Proteins

Fibers that make up cytoskeleton

Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments

Which cytoskeleton fiber is the thickest?

Microtubules

What cytoskeleton fiber is the thinnest?

Microfilaments

Which cytoskeleton fiber has an average diameter?

Intermediate filaments

Hollow rod constructed from the protein tubulin

Microtubules

What is a Dimer?

A molecule made up of 2 subunits

Microtubules grow out from a ________

Centrosome

What are the 2 examples of passive transport?

Channels and Carrier Proteins

A Proton Pump is what type of transport?

Active

What maintains the protein gradient in a cell?

The Proton Pump

2 forms of vesicular transport

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

How is the cytoskeleton labeled?

(+) end and (-) end

What is an element of a cytoskeleton that allows for readiness?

Rapid assembly and disassembly

Where is the microfilaments located?

Cytoplasmic Mesh

What are some functions of the MF?

Contraction of muscle, structure and shape of cell, cell motility

What are some functions of the Intermediate Filaments?

Cell anchorage, cell shape

What are some functions of the microtubules?

Cell shape, Tracking of cellular components (Organelles, vesicles)

Denaturation

When a protein bonds/interactions are destroyed, so the protein unravels and loses its normal shape

Renaturation

Opposite of denaturation

Dehydration Reaction

2 monomers are bonded to each other, with a water being lost

Hydroloysis

When water is added to a bond between monomers to break them apart

What is a disaccharide?

2 monosaccharides

Polypeptide

A Polymer of amino acids

A protein is made up of _______

1 or more polypeptides

What does the alpha carbon have?

A carboxyl group, an amino group, a H, and a variable group R. It's the first carbon that attaches to a functional group.

Catalysts

Chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions

Which of the functional groups is hydrophobic?

Methyl

How are fat molecules linked?

Ester linkages

What cell organelle's main role is digestion and waste disposal?

Lysosomes

Where does transcription happen?

nucleus

Where does translation happen?

cytoplasm

What type of bond connects a sugar and phosphate group of adjacent nucleotides to make a polynucleotide?

Phosphodiester linkages

What does cholesterol do with membrane fluidity?

It stabilizes it

Primary Protein Structure

determined by amino acid sequence

• peptide bonds

• one change in base pair of DNA can cause sickle cell anemia

Secondary Protein Structure

alpha coils/helices & beta pleated sheets
- hydrogen bonds

Tertiary Protein Structure

determined by R-group interactions

• weak bonds: hydrogen, ionic, hydrophobic interactions

• strong bond: disulfide bridges (covalent bonds)

Quaternary Protein Structure

2+ polypeptides combined, bonds determined by R-group interactions

What is the purpose of a Ribosome?

Synthesize Proteins

What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes on the outside.

What does the lysosomal membrane have that maintains low internal pH?

A proton pump

What part of the cell contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell?

nucleus

What encloses the nucleus?

nuclear envelope

What kind of membrane is the nuclear envelope?

double membrane

What are the structures that carry genetic information?

Chromosomes