APUSH Period 1-2

Corn

A cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago; America > Europe; traded in Columbian Exchange.

Horses

Animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains.

Disease

Indians gave Europeans syphillis; europeans gave indians measles and smallpox; malaria and dysentery in jamestown; devastated much of population on both sides.

Enconmienda System

a labor system in which the Native Americans were forced to work on Spanish farming plantations (growing sugar) and in Spanish mines (getting gold and silver); Spanish landowners had total control over the Native Americans.

Asiento System

System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over.

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Land Bridge

a strip of land that connects two larger landmasses, enabling migration of plants and animals to new areas.

Adena-Hopewell culture

A culture/group of indian tribes in the midwest and Mississippi. Woodland tribes that lived in multistoried buildings; evolved in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys; mound-builders; supported by hunting, fishing, agriculture, permanent settlements.

Hokokam, Anasazi, Pueblos

These American Indians were located in the New Mexico and Arizona region. They developed farming using irrigation systems.

Woodland mound builders

A Native tribe that creates mounds, some as large as 300 ft long; near ohio and mississippi river valleys; midwest settlements.

Sioux

One of the great plains tribes; acquired horses and moved from farming to hunting buffalo; tend to be nomadic hunters; traded crops/tools with other tribes

Compass

used for navigation to trade and exploration; adopted from arab merchants

Printing Press

invented in 1540's, aided spread of knowledge in europe

Ferdinand and Isabella

The king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal; sponsored voyages of exploration that eventually succeeded in opening a longer sea route around South Africa's cape of good hope.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India, (landed in bahamas) but found little gold, few spices, and no simple path to china/india.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Slave Trade

The business of capturing, transporting, and selling people as slaves

Nation-State

The form of political society that traditionally combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity.

Algonquin

Native Americans found living over a large area from the Atlantic coast to the Great Lakes.

Siouan

a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux

Iroquois Confederation

Powerful alliance of six Native American nations.

longhouses

long wooden buildings that could hold up to 50 people.

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec.

Henry Hudson

Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America.

Mayas

A Native American people, living in what is now Mexico and northern Central America, who had a flourishing civilization until they were conquered by the Spanish.

Incas

Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532.

Aztecs

Ancient civilization that was located in Tenochtitlan, were conquered by Hernan Cortez

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima.

New Laws of 1542

Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, and began the process of ending the encomienda systems.

Roanoke Island

Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans.

Valladolid Debate

The argument between Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulveda over treatment of Indians by the Spanish.

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

In the Valladolid Debate, this Spaniard argued that the American Indians were less than human.

Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore

1694 he was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Providence

A colony founded by Roger Williams in 1636, recognized Native Americans' rights and paid them for use of their land, and government provided complete religious toleration.

Anne Hutchinson

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Aided in founding Rhode Island and also founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

Antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

Rhode Island

Founded in 1636 by Roger Williams and his supporters for religious freedom and separation of church from state after a disagreement with Massachusetts Bay.

Halfway Covenant

Allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members. Made to increase church membership but failed.

Quakers

Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people, most resided in Pennsylvania.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. He created an open community to all religions.

"Holy Experiment"

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all, was the first colony to allow many different religions to live together.

Charter of Liberties (1701)

constitution by Penn, which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration.

religious toleration

acceptance of religious differences

Established Church of England

Church started by Henry VIII separating from the Catholic Church, making it the official church of England.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.

Cotton Mather

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

sectarian

Devoted to a particular religious sect, particularly when referring to religious involvement in politics.

nonsectarian

not involving or relating to a specific religious sect or political group

headright system

Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.

rice plantations

These plantations grew food for the West Indies, and relied on slave labor. Found in South Carolina.

tobacco farms

These were mainly small farms in North Carolina.

subsistence farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced.

Wampanoags

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers.

Metacom

Native American leader who led an attack on the villages of Massachusetts; brought many tribes together to fight against colonists.

King Philip's War

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanoags, led by Metacom.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia, went on to marry Pocahontas.

Pocahontas

Chief Powhatan's daughter who went on to marry John Rolfe.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Separatists (Pilgrims)

Wanted to spilt completely from the Church of England. Left England for America on a religious voyage and founded Plymouth Colony.

Mayflower

the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Plymouth

A colony in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Also known for his "City Upon a Hill" speech.

Great Migration

Influx of over 15,000 settlers to the New World (1630)

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

John Davenport

In 1637, he founded a settlement south of Hartford, by the name of New Haven.

Connecticut

1636 - Founded by Thomas Hooker

New Hampshire

last colony to be founded in New England, consisted of a few settlements North of Boston.

The Carolinas

1665 - Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. They instituted headrights and a representative government to attract colonists.

New York

Named after the Duke of York, taken peacefully from Dutch settlers.

New Jersey

In 1664 James gave section of land located between the Hudson River and the Delaware Bay to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. (became this colony, which was originally from New York)

Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn as a Quaker colony.

Delaware

1702, Penn granted lower three counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly, thus creating this colony.

Georgia

Founded in 1732 and known as the "Last Colony". It was a penal colony which gave british prisoners a "second chance".

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony.

J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur

A Frenchman who wrote , "America is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American." (1782)

colonial families

Family was very important in the colonies; couples married young and had many children. Most families lived on farms. Men worked, owned land, and dominated politics. Women did housework, educated the children, and worked with her husband.

Germans

This group of immigrants settled chiefly on the rich farmlands west of Philadelphia. By 1775, they comprised 6 percent of the colonial population.

Scotch-Irish

Ethnic group that had already relocated once before immigrating to America and settling largely on the Western frontier of the middle and southern colonies.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin (Calvinists)

Dutch

Founded New Amsterdam as their colony in North America, which was then given up to English.

Swedes

Established a colony named New Sweden which had territory in present day pennsylvania, delaware, and maryland.

Africans

The largest single group of non-English immigrants did not come to America by choice. By 1775, comprised 20 percent of the colonial population. About 90 percent were in the southern colonies.

social mobility

The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first representative assembly in the new world. Created due to distance between Great Britain and the colonies.