bio exam III

magnification

ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object

resolving power

ability of an optical system to distinguish between two objects that are very close together

resolving power rule

objects closer than 1/2 of the light source wavelength cannot be resolved

wavelength

distance between 2 corresponding points on 2 adjacent waves

nanometer

one billionth of a meter

stereomicroscope and compound microscope radiation source

white light

stereomicroscope maximum magnification

250x

compound microscope maximum magnification

1,5000x

electron microscope maximum magnification

500,000x

electron microscope radiatiom source

beam of electrons

electron microscope

images are sharper, very detailed, and able to see cell’s organelles; knowledge greatly enhanced of specific cellular, bacterial, viral, and other minute functions; LIVE SPECIMEN VIEWING IS NOT POSSIBLE

scanning electron microscope

whole samples can be used, only external features can be analyzed

transmission electron microscope

samples must be cut very thin, internal details can be seen

2 kingdom system (planate and animalia)

1970:

5 kingdom system (monera, protista, fungi, animalia, plantae)

most recent system

3 domains (bacteria, archaea and eukarya) → most accurately reflects evolutionary relationships, but requires many kingdoms

oxygen

aerobic

without oxygen

anaerobic

genus streptomyces

is used to make more than half of our antibiotics

obligate anaerobes

cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

facultative anaerobes

functions in the presence or absence of oxygen

aerobes

requires oxygen for survival

bacteria

1. only type of RNA poly. (5 subunits)
2. peptidoglycan in cell wall
3. formyl-methionine
4. no histones

archaea

1. 1 RNA poly. (13 subunits)
2. no peptidoglycan in cell wall
3. methionine
4. histone associated with DNA

extremophiles

archaea that live in extreme environments; perform anaerobic respiration

gram positive

stain purple, have thick peptidoglycan layer

gram negative

stain red, have a thin peptidoglycan layer

strepto-

twisted chain

staphlyo-

cluster

coccus

round-shaped bacteria

bacillius

rod-shaped bacteria

\

spiral

spiral shaped bacteria

endotoxin

substance that is part of the bacterial cell (cell wall)

exotoxin

a substance secreted by the bacterial cell

botox

neurotoxin that kills a part of the nerve

endospore

specialized bacterial cell structure that can withstand extreme heat/cold/poisons, dehydration, and can last centuries

binary fission

asexual reproduction conducted by bacteria

nitrogen fixation

prokaryotes convert nitrogen gas into ammonia; anaerobic process

pathogen

only bacteria cause illness

MRSA

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

lyme disease

Borrelia Burgoferi; treated by antibiotics

* spread by black-legged ticks

Borrelia Burgdorferi

one linear chromosome and over 20 linear/circular plasmids

protista

a loose paraphyletic assemblage of ancient eukaryote lineages (unicellular, colonial or weakly multicellular)

diplomonads

a group of protists that high a very low level of mitochondria/ATP

giardia lamblia

a diplomonad that causes giardia/beaver fever

giardia

GI disease; the parasite coats the small intestine and prevents nutrient absorption; it is a zoonotic disease that has a fecal-oral transmission

kinetoplasmids

a single large mitochondrion with DNA mass

trypanosoma brucei

kinetiplasmids that causes sleeping sickness

sleeping sickness

fetal neurological disease from sub-saharan africa

vector → Tsetse Fly

Trypanosoma cruzi

causes acute/chronic Chagas Disease

vector → kissing bug

plasmodium

apicomplexa species that causes malaria

malaria

“bad air”

apical complex

specialized cells in plasmodium parasites that allows them to penetrate host tissues

anopheles

malaria mosquitos

holometabolous

look different at each of the four stages (egg, larva, pupa, and adult) of the life cycle

prophylaxis

individuals take malaria drugs to prevent malaria; problem - resistance

heterozygote advantage

individuals that are heterozygous for sickle cell anemia are resistance to malaria

rhodophyta

red algae

phycoerythrin

red cholorphyll

phycocyanin

blue cholorphyll

tumor

cellular mass

oncogene

normal; promotes controlled cell growth, proliferation, migration

proto-oncogene

mutated; uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation, and migration

p53

tumor-suppressor gene; stops cell cycle if damage is detected; mutated p53 does not conduct apoptosis and the cell cycle would just continue on

apoptosis

programmed cell death

begin tumor

1. slow growth
2. well-defined mass
3. confined to initial tissue
4. normal looking cells


1. not cancer

malignant tumor

1. rapid growth
2. no well-defined mass
3. not confined to initial tissue
4. grossly disfigured cells


1. cancer

carcinoma

epithelial tissue

sarcoma

connective or muscle tissue

leukemia

blood tissue

lymphoma

lymphoid tissue

glioma

nervous tissue

mature red blood cells

only human cell type that cannot develop cancer

carcinogenesis

initial development of cancerc

carcinogen

chemical or agent that causes cancer

in-situ cancer

contains no blood supplyin

invasive cancer

cancer with blood supply

metastasis

the process by which cancer migrate to other parts of the body

angiogenesis

process by which a blood supply is growth specifically for the tumor

stage 0

abnormal cells are present, but not spread to nearby tissue - carcinoma insitu

stages 1,2,3

cancer is present, higher in number, the larger the cancer tumor the more it has spread to nearby tissuesa

stage 4

cancer has spread to other parts of the body

ecology

the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment

population

individuals of a single species living in a given space and time

population increase by:

birth and immigrationpop

population decrease by:

death and emigration

community

presence of all populations living in a given space and time

carrying capacity

maximum number of individuals that an environment can naturally sustain

limiting factor

any factor that limits or caps a population

commensalism

interaction that directly benefits one species but does not harm the othermu

mutualism

interacts that benefit both entities involved

interspace competition

competition for the same resource; neither species benefits, both species involved are placed at a disadvantage

predatation

one species uses another species as food but does not reside directly in or upon the organism its utilizingpa

parasitism

one species uses the other species as a nutrient source and resides directly in or upon the organism it is utilizing

red queen hypothesis

within an evolutionary system, constant development is required for a species just to maintain its relative fitness among the systems it is co-evolving with

lice

feed on human blood

What is a carnivore?

an animal that primarily eats meat.

What is a herbivore?

an animal that does not consume meat or other animal products.

What is an omnivore?

an animal that eats both plants and animals.

What is a frugivore

an animal that primarily eats fruits