Chemistry of Life and macromolecules

element

simplest form of matter (cannot be broken down into other substances)

essential elements of life

6 elements that make up majority of the body

oxygen-65%

carbon-18%

hydrogen-9.5%

Nitrogen- 3.2%

phosphorus 1%

sulfur 0.3%

oxygen significance in body

part of water; needed for cellular respiration

carbon significance

backbone of all organic molecules

hydrogen significance

found in nearly ever compound of the body

nitrogen significance

part of proteins and nucleic acids

phosphorus significance

bones, teeth, nucleic acids, and atp

sulfur significance

part of some proteins

trace elements

elements found in our body but in very small amounts

Iodine deficiency

thyroid gland cannot produce hormones and enlarges

Iron deficiency

body cannot produce enough red blood cells causing anemia

calcium

bone density decrease overtime, causing osteoporosis

atom

smallest components of life made of protons, neutrons, and electrons

proton

positive charge

in nucleus

heavy

elements identity

neutrons

neutral charge

in nucleus

heavy

mass of the atom

electrons

negative charge

outside the nucleus

light

determines reactivity and bonds

electron shell model

shows electrons

inaccurate because electrons always in motion and atom is mostly empty

space filling model

Shows molecular shape and interactions between molecules

Electrons are drawn as a cloud to model their rapid movement.

neutral atom

equal number of proton and electron

ion

atoms that have gained or lost an electron becoming changed

effect of losing an electon

positive charge

effect of gaining an electron

negatively charged

electrolytes

ions found in body cells or fluid

examples: sodium (tears sweat), potassium (nerves and blood) , chloride (blood and stomach acid), calcium(blood muscle bone)

compound

Single molecule made of two or more elements.

mixtures

Compounds and elements in the same place but not chemically combined.

chemical bonds

force of attraction between two atoms based on the sharing or transferring of electrons

ionic bonds

attraction between opposite charged ions; electrons are transferred

covalent bond

two or more atoms sharing electrons

structural formula

bonds are shown with lines

single covalent bond

one pair of shared electrons

double covalent bonds

two pairs of shared electrons

triple covalent bonds

3 pairs of shared electrons

Properties of water

polarity

cohesion

adhesion

heat capacity

universal solvent

polarity

water is a polar molecule, has a positive and negative end

hydrogen bonds

forms hydrogen bonds with each other, negative end attracts to positive end (polarity)

cohesion/ surface tension

attraction of water molecules to each other , droplets

adhesion

attraction of water molecules to a surface, meniscus

heat capacity

large amount of heat energy is needed to raise its temperature

universal solvent

can dissolve any ionic or polar covalent compounds

solutes

substance that dissolves in water

solution

resulting mixture of solute and solvent

solvent

what does the dissolving

acids

releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water pH less than 7

bases

release hydroxide ions (OH-) in water pH more that 7

neutral solutions

releases equal amounts of both ions pH of 7

buffer systems

mixtures of chemicals that can maintain a certain pH by either absorbing or releasing H+ ions

Ex: bicarbonate is the bufffer used in blood

organic compounds

larger and mostly made of carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds

importance of carbon

carbon is central element because it can form 4 bonds

polymer

made up of repeating monomers

monomer

the individual unit

monomer of nucleic acid

nucleotides

monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

monomer of proteins

amino acids

monomer of lipids

none not a polymer

nucleic acids

compounds used to store instructions within cells

nucleotides

-monomer of nucleic acids

-molecules contain phosphate , 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base

DNA

contains all genetic information of an organism in the nucleus of a cell

-double helix

-deoxyribose

function of sugar/phosphate in dna

backbone of molecule

function of nitrogenous bases in dna

form the rungs of the molecule/ sequence of letters

Rna

similar to dna but found outside the nucleus

-single stranded helix

-uracil is used not thymine

-ribose

ATP

nucleotide used to transfer energy within cells

ATP relationship with ADP

Atp broken into Adp when energy is needed by the mitochondria

Carbohydrates composition and function

carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (1:2:1) ratio

-store energy

monosaccharides

simplest form

-one sugar monomer

ex: glucose

short term energy storage

disaccharides

2 sugar monomers

ex: sucrose and lactose

2x energy storage

polysaacharides

-complex carbohydrate

-3 or more monosaccharides

Ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Most energy storage

starch

energy storage molecule in plants

glycogen

energy storage in animals

cellulose

cell walls in plants

chitin

exoskeleton, cell wall of fungi

Lipids

molecules mostly made of carbon and hydrogen

hydrophobic

fatty acids

saturated fatty acids

long chain of carbon atoms with single bonds only

solids at room temperature

unsaturated fatty acids

long chain of carbon with single and double bonds

-liquids at room temperature

Triglycerides:structure and function

glycerol, 3 carbon molecule

-3 fatty acids

primary component of body fat

phospholipids:structure

2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate

hydrophilic heads polar

hydrophobic tails

forms bilayer sheet

steroids

lipids with 4 interconnected carbon rings

Ex: cholesterol, testosterone, corisol, estrogen

types of lipids

fatty acids

triglycerides

phospholipids

steroids

proteins

monomer is amino acids, has wide vaariety of function and structures

support

provide framework fo the body

ex: collagen in ligaments

movement

contract and create movement

ex:skeletal muscle

transport

transports of materials in and out of cells

ex: glucose transporter in cell membranes

buffering

prevents changes in pH

ex: proteins in blood plasma

metabolic regulation

speed up the rate of chemical reactions

ex:digestive enzymes in the stomach

coordination

signal changes throughout the body

ex:hormones, such as insulin

defense

protect against viruses and bacteria

ex:antibodies in blood

protein sequence and shape

sequence of amino acids determines te shape of a protein which then determines its function

denaturation

is change in the shape of a protein that causes it to lose its normal function→caused by heat or exposure to acid

enzymes

proteins that catalyze or speed up the rate of a chemical reaction in the body

substrate

molecule the enzyme works on

product

molecules that result from the catalyzed reaction

lock and key theory

each enzyme will only be active against the substrate that fits its shapes

effect of denaturation

enzyme will be inactive

benedicts test tests for

reducing sugar/simple/mono/di

positive benedicts

red ,

orange, green, yellos

negative benedicts

blue

iodine tests for what

starch

positive iodine

blue/black

negative iodine

yellow-brown

sudan iv test for

lipids

positive sudan

dissolves