ADS 3013 Test 1

Anatomy

“to cut apart”

Physiology

study of the function of the body and its parts

Biophysical processes

movement

Biochemical processes

metabolism

Gross Anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

study of structures can be seen with the naked eye

Comparative anatomy

study of species structures that aid in classification

Embryology

study from fertilization to birth

Microscopic anatomy (histology)

study of tissues and cells with a microscope

Study of skeletal system

Osteology

Study of articular system

arthrology

Study of muscular system

Myology

Study of digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, reproductive system \n

Splanchnology

Study of endocrine system

Endocrinology

Study of nervous system

Neurology

Study of circulatory system

Cardiology

Study of Sensory system

Esthesiology

Cranial

towards the head

Rostral

toward the nose

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Dorsal

toward the back

Ventral

Toward the belly

Proximal

toward the point of attachment

Distal

away from the point of attachment

Median plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

Sagittal plane

parallel to median plane

Transverse plane

cross section, cranial and caudal segments

Horizontal plane

Divides body into upper and lower parts

4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

4 types of epithelial tissue

simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar, stratified

Simple squamous

thin, platelike cells, smooth surface, reduce friction

Cuboidal

approx. equal in all dimensions, ducts, passage of kidneys

Columnar

cylindrical cells, similar to honeycomb, pseudostratified

Stratified

more than one layer of epithelial cells

Secretions

release from gland cell of a substance synthesized by the cell, usually affects other cells

Excretion

expulsion of waste products

Types of glands

endocrine and exocrine

Endocrine glands

empty secretory products directly into blood

Exocrine glands

empty secretory products on an epithelial surface via ducts

types of connective tissue

elastic, collagenous, areolar, recticular, cartilage, bone, blood

elastic connective tissue

contains kinked fibers that regain their original shape after being stretched

collagenous connective tissue

(white fibrous) proteinaceous fibers of collagen, very strong tensile strength, ligaments, tendons

areolar connective tissue

(loose) protective cushioning but flexible, blood vessels

recticular connective tissue

fine fibrils and cells, endocrine, lymphatic

cartilage connective tissue

firmer than fibrous tissue, but not as hard as bone

Hyanline Cartilage

glasslike covering of bones within joints

bone connective tissue

osteoid tissue which has become calcified

blood connective tissue

fluid matrix (plasma), a variety of cells, nutrients and waste products

parts of blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, serum

red blood cells

(erythrocytes) nonnucleated biconcave disks, contain hemoglobin

white cells

(leukocytes) first line of defense against infection

types of white cells

monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Agranulocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes

Granulocytes

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Platelets

(thrombocytes) small irregularly shaped cells, involved with clotting

Plasma

fluid part of blood, contains proteins, clotting

serum

supernatant fluid after a clot forms

types of muscle tissues

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

smooth muscle

spindle-shaped cells with only one central nucleus

skeletal muscle

striated, but each cell has its own nerve supply

Cardic muscle

involuntary, striated

Pleura

epithelial cell layer that develops/grows thoracic cavity

pericardial sac

surrounds the heart

Pleural sacs (2x)

surrounds the lungs

peritoneum

epithelial cell layer that develops/grows abdominal cavity

visceral peritoneum

surrounds an abdominal organ

partietal peritoneum

surrounds the abdominal cavity

hypertrophy

increase in size of a cell or organ beyond normal size

hyperplasia

increase in number of cells leading to increase in size

atrophy

decrease in size from normal

aplasia

failure of tissue to develop

hypoplasia

incomplete development of an organ or tissue

metabolism

sum of the physical and biochemical reactions occurring in each cell

anabolic metabolism

building of cellular components

catabolic metabolism

break down cellular components

irritability (excitability)

ability to respond to stimulus

conductivity

property of transmitting an electrical impulse from point a to b (nerve cells)

Contractility

the ability to shorten in one direction (muscle cells)

chemical composition of cell, water

60-65%

chemical composition of cell, intracellular fluid

40% of total body weight

chemical composition of cell, extracellular fluid

20% of total body weight

After water, the largest component of cytoplasm

protein

two protein classifications

structural and reactive

structural proteins

include fibrous proteins, elastins keratins, collagens

reactive proteins

include enzymes, protein hormones, histones (associated with DNA), and contractile proteins of the muscle (actin and myosin)

composition of lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

4 types of lipids in animals

fatty acids, triglycerides or triacylglycerols, phospholipids, steroids

composition of carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

plasma membrane

lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded

mitochondrion

organelle in which energy is extracted from food during oxidative metabolism

cytoplasm

semifluid matrix that contains the nucleus and other organelles

secretory vesicle

vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, releasing materials to be secreted from the cell

cytoskeleton

supports organelles and cell shape and plays a role in cell motion

microtubule

tube of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella

intermediate filament

intertwined protein fibers that provide support and strength

actin filament

twisted protein fibers that are responsible for cell movement

nucleus

command center of cell

nucleolus

site where ribosomes are produced

nuclear envelope

double membrane between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

nuclear pore

opening embedded with proteins that regulates passage into and out of the nucleus