MI Unit 1 Test Review - Basics

Medical Interventions Unit 1

antibody

an antigen-binding immunogobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune repsonse

antigen

a foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and elicits an immune response

bioinformatics

the collection, classification, storage and analysis of biochemical and biological information using computers especially as applied in molecular genetics and genomics

concentration

the amount of a specified substance in a unit amount of another substance

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay)

a quantitative in vitro test for an antibody or antigen in which the test material is absorbed on a surface and exposed either to a complex of an enzyme linked to an antibody specific for the antigen or an enzyme linked to an anti-immunoglobulin specific for the antibody followed by reaction of the enzyme with a substrate to yield a colored product corresponding to the concentration of the test material

enzyme

a protein serving as a catalyst; a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

genome

the complement of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material

medical intervention

any measure whose purpose is to improve health or alter the course of disease

outbreak

a sudden rise in the incidence of a disease

pathogen

a specific causative agent of disease

primer

a molecule (a short strand of RNA or DNA) whose presence is required for formation of another molecule ( a longer chain of DNA)

serial dilution

a stepwise dilution of a substance in solution

solute

a substance dissolved in another substance

solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances which my by solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these

solvent

a substance, usually a liquid, capable of dissolving another substance

substrate

the reactant on which an enzyme works

antibiotic

asubstance produced by or derived from a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism

antibiotic resistance

resistance to one or more antibiotics, usually due to additional genetic information

conjugation

the one-way transfer of DNA between bacteria in cellular contact

nucleoid

the DNA-containing area of a bacterial cell

plasmid

a small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome

transduction

the transfer of genetic material from one organism (such as a bacterium) to another by a genetic vector

transformation

the genetic modification of a bacterium by incorporation of free DNA from another ruptured bacterial cell

What is a medical intervention?

any device, medicine, or procedure that helps prevent, treat, cure, or rehabilitate health impairments

What are the main categories of interventions that function to maintain human health?

diagnostic tools (x-ray, EKG); Rehabilitation (crutches); surgery; pharmaceuticals; genetics (gene therapy); engineering (bionics)

How do scientists gather evidence during the potential outbreak of an infectious disease?

1. Interview/Survey people who are sick to look for connections
2. Identify symptoms and compare between patients
3. Use a variety of tools to identify the cause of the disease (including ELISA and Bioinformatics)
4. Look at concentrations and connections to determine starting point and then identify source of disease.

What is bioinformatics?

the collection, classification, storage and analysis of biochemical and biological information using computers especially as applied in molecular genetics and genomics

How can DNA sequences be used to identify disease pathogens?

1. Sample Prep: Collect a sample from the patient and grow bacteria.
2. PCR Amplification: Use PCR to amplify the 16s rDNA region
3. PCR Purification: Purify the 16s rDNA region using a gel or filter
4. Sequencing Prep: Use PCR to make many fragments of the 16s rDNA region.
5. DNA Sequencing: The fragments move from the smallest to the largest through an automatic sequencer.
6.Sequence Analysis: Use Bioinformatics to identify the pathogen. BLAST is a computer database of gene sequences for different organisms.

What is an antibody?

Protein produced by B-cells

How do antibodies identify and
inactivate antigens?

Each antibody will only bind to one specific antigen. Once bound to antigens (proteins on a pathogen) antibodies will inactivate the pathogen and recruit lymphocytes to kill the pathogen

How can the ELISA assay be used to detect disease?

Used to determine type of pathogen causing illness. It is a test for an antibody or antigen in which the test material is tested with a detergent, primary and secondary antibody, and enzyme for the antigen or detergent, primary and secondary antigen, and enzyme for the antibody. A reaction occurs and yields a color that corresponds to the concentration of pathogen.

What are the steps for the ELISA test?

1. Add Antigen (Sample)
2. Wash unbound sample out.
3. Add Primary Antibody. Wash.
4. Add Secondary Antibody with Enzyme. Wash.
5. Add Enzyme Substrate. Wash.
5. Reaction occurs. Look for color change and concentration is determined.

Why is it important for doctors to know the concentration of disease antigen present in a patient's system?

The concentration tells us who started the infection and where the possible source of the pathogen is located.

What steps do scientists take to diagnose, treat, and prevent future spread of a disease outbreak?

Diagnosis: Symptoms, Interviews, Bioinformatics, ELISA, Various other diagnostic tests
Treatment: Antibiotics, Antivirals
Prevention: Vaccinations, Quarantines, Inform public

How do antibiotics work to fight bacterial infections?

Antibiotics either kill the bacteria or stop the bacteria from multiplying. They target bacterial DNA and not human DNA.

What methods do bacteria use to share antibiotic resistant genes?

Conjugation: the one-way transfer of DNA between bacteria in cellular contact; Transformation: the genetic modification of a bacterium by incorporation of free DNA from another ruptured bacterial cell; Transduction: the transfer of genetic material from one organism (such as a bacterium) to another by a genetic vector

What actions are humans taking that are contributing to bacteria becoming resistant to commonly used antibiotics?

Not finishing antibiotic prescription, overusing an antibiotic, antibiotic use in agriculture and food

Classes of antibiotics

Penicillins: Stop cell wall synthesis in gram + cells
Tetracyclines: Stop protein synthesis in ribosomes
Fluoroquinolones: Stop DNA synthesis in nucleoid in gram - cells
Sulfa Antibiotics: Stop folic acid synthesis in nucleoid

Case-control study

A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to as controls

Cohort study

A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed individuals (individuals who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease

DNA ligase

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication and recombinant DNA techniques

Epidemic

Affecting an atypically large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time

Epidemiology

A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population

Herd Immunity

The resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune

Inoculation

The introduction of a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to stimulate the production of antibodies

Plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome

Recombinant DNA

A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources

Restriction Enzyme

A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA

Vaccination

A procedure that presents the immune system with a harmless variant of a pathogen, thereby stimulating the immune system to mount a long-term defense against the pathogen

Vaccine

A harmless variant of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

Bioinformatics is the

testing of genetic codes using a computer database
collection, classification, storage and analysis of biological information using computers
database used to identify sequences of DNA

50uL of a sample is pipetted into a 100uL dilution tube. The concentration of the tube is now 950ng/mL. If you do a serial dilution adding of 50uL sample into 100uL dilution tube, into three more tubes, what is the final concentration of the last tube?

35.19 ng/mL

A substrate is

the reactant on which an enzyme works

ELISA is an acronym for

enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay

An ELISA test can be used to look for a particular infection in a patient by in 2 different ways, an Antigen ELISA test and an Antibody ELISA test. What is the differentiating factor between them?

In an antigen test, the antigens come from the patient and the primary antibodies come from a supply company

Which structure is involved with protein synthesis?

ribosome

An outbreak of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis is affecting a community. Several people are thought to be the original source of the disease. What is the BEST medical intervention to use if the goal of healthcare workers is to determine who is responsible for starting the outbreak?

ELISA test

A substance that is able to inhibit or kill a foreign pathogen in the body when an individual's immune system is failing to do so itself is called

antibiotic

The one-way transfer of DNA between bacteria in direct cellular contact is called

conjugation

Which layer of a bacterial cell allows the bacteria to attach to specific surfaces and also protects the bacterial cell from human immune response?

Capsule

What is found on the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

Endotoxin

"Against life"

Antibiotic

Transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another via a pilus

Conjugation

Visible absorbtion of the ear that collects sound waves

Pinna

The part of the ear that converts stimulus from the outside environment into nerve impulses for transmission to the brain is the

Cochlea

The process where a new, circular DNA molecule is made from two different sources is called

Recombinant DNA Technology

A Bacterial Culture is several days old. Many of the bacterial cells have ruptured and released DNA/ A few living bacteria cells in the culture have become genetically-enhanced by taking this DNA into the cytoplasm and are now resistant to ampicillin. What is this process called?

Transformation

During the ELISA test, the secondary antibody was conjugated with an enzyme. What happens when that enzyme was attached with a substrate?

The enzyme causes the substrate that is added to induce a color change

Meningitis is a serious disease because it affects

The membranes of the brain and spinal cord.

One of the first steps in the DNA sequencing process is the use of

Restriction enzymes on the viral DNA and the plasmid DNA

People who listen to very loud music can suffer permanent, non-treatable hearing loss when damage hinders the ability to turn sound waves into vibration in the

Auditory ossicles

A vaccine is given to a person. The genes in this vaccine invades the person's cells and they cause the cells to produce a protein that will illicit an immune response. What type of vaccine did the person receive?

Naked DNA

Which of the following antibiotics blocks protein synthesis?

B-Lactam Antibiotis

Pitch is determined by

Frequency

A ringing int he ears is called

Tinnitus

A\_________is a small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome

Plasmid

Antibody functions include all of the following except

cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched

1uL of a sample is pipetted into 9uL dilution tube. The concentration of the tube is now 500 ng/mL. If you do a serial dilution adding of 1uL sample into 9uL dilution tube, into three more tubes, what is the final dilution of the last tube?

1/10000

A student runs an experiment using a Petri dish with agar containing the antibiotic stretomycin. The student streaks the dish with two different strains of Stretococcus aureus. Both strains grow on the dish. What is the best explanation for these results?

both are resistant to the antibiotic

Penicillin is a type of

B-Lactam Antibiotic

\__________have surface \________where \_______attach

Pathogens, antigens, antibodies

Meningitis is a serious disease because it affects

the lungs, the kidneys, and the membranes of the brain and spinal cord

What is the structural difference between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria?

Gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan

Which of the following antibiotics disables a ribosomal subunit, preventing protein synthesis?

Tetracyclines

During the ELISA test, the secondary antibody was conjugated with an enzyme. What happens when the enzyme was attached with a substrate?

The enzyme causes the substrate that is added to induce a color change

Sample Prep

extract DNA by dissolving cell wall with buffer

DNA Sequencing

computer builds DNA sequence to match

Sequence Analysis

separate the individual DNA pieces by length

PCR Amplification

production of variable length DNA samples

PCR Purification

remove contaminants from DNA

Sequencing Prep

copy the bacterial DNA

Three types of hearing loss

sensorineural hearing loss, conductive hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss

frequency

pitch of a sound

amplitude

loudness of a sound

How do frequency and amplitude affect how humans interpret sound?

Amplitude - Measure of the height of the sound wave (energy) in decibels, Indicates how loud the sound will be
Frequency - Measures the speed of the sound wave in hertz

What causes different types of hearing loss?

Conductive Hearing loss - Caused by a blockage or problem with cochlea
Sensorineural Hearing loss - Caused by genetic or environmental damage to the inner ear

How is hearing loss diagnosed?

Rinne Test - Uses a tuning fork to compare sound through vibrations to sound waves going through the outer ear. If the sound through vibrations is longer that means there maybe conductive hearing loss.
Audiogram - Uses different frequencies to test the decibels patients can hear them in a sound proof room

What interventions are available for patients with hearing loss?

Interventions for conductive are Surgery and antibiotics
Interventions for sensorineural are Hearing aids, sign language, cochlear implants

What are the bioethical concerns related to the use of cochlear implant technology?

Wire is put into Cochlea and uses electricity to stimulate nerve. It will destroy any hearing patient may have in that ear, does not completely replicate hearing, and deafness is not seen a disability, but rather another culture and does not be cured (as viewed by some advocates against implants)

Outer ear

Pinna - Collects sound waves
Ear Canal
Ear Drum (Tympanic Membrane) Transfers sound waves to vibrations in the middle ear