PSY 250 - Exam 4 (FINAL)

senescence

_______ is the process of aging

normative

______ changes happen to everyone, as opposed to others which might depend on lifestyle

allostatic load

in adulthood, organ reserve decreases & the effects of __________ are observed (eg. not wearing sunscreen, smoking, alcohol)

cancer

there is a greater likelihood of _______ in adulthood due to changes in the immune system/exposures

heart, stroke

risk of ______ disease & _____ increase in adulthood, and arthritis is present

presbyopia

________ is a change in vision, causing difficulty seeing things close up

weight gain

_________ is a physical change in adulthood which occurs when metabolism slows and digestion becomes less efficient

2/3

____ of american adults have overweight

1/3

____ of american adults have obesity

physical

______ changes in adulthood can also include wrinkles & gray hair, collagen decrease

26, 31

mothers are typically __ when their first child is born and fathers are __

climacteric

the _______ shift is the transition from reproductive to non-reproductive years

menopause

______ is the point at which the ovaries stop releasing eggs

andropause

________ is a syndrome associated with a decrease in sexual satisfaction/a decline in a feeling of general well-being with low levels of testosterone in older man

fluid

_______ intelligence is the aspects of basic intelligence that allow for flexible, adaptive thinking

crystalized

_______ intelligence consists of aspects of intellect that reflect learning, experience, & education (vocab, general knowledge/trivia)

analytic, creative, practical

Sternberg’s 3 intelligences include: _____, _______, & _______

analytical

_______ intelligence is academic problem solving & computation (highest in emerging adulthood, declines over time)

creative

______ intelligence is imaginative & innovative problem-solving

practical

________ intelligence is “street smarts” & common sense (highest in adulthood)

impact

_______ bias is when we overestimate the impact of a stressful event and underestimate our ability to cope

stress

______ impacts the immune system, putting us at risk for serious health complications

life events

_______ are significant events that cause stress in a person’s life, eg. illness, divorce, loss of a loved one

daily hassles

_______ are smaller obstacles that occur on a daily basis, eg. losing something, having to change an appointment

trauma

______ is a large-scale stressor that causes a deep disturbance in someone’s life, eg. natural disasters, physical abuse

stressors

as of 2020, america’s top _____ were:

* politics
* covid
* healthcare
* political violence toward minorities
* climate change

avoidant

______ coping is when you temporarily relieve stress by distracting oneself from worrying, but may make the problem worse (eg. failing a class, so you stop going)

emotion-focused

_________ coping is when the emotions associated with a stressor are dealt with but the entire problem may not be dealt with (eg. failing a class, so you go for a run to feel better)

problem-focused

__________ coping is when the stressor is dealt with directly (eg. failing a class, so you contact the professor or drop the class)

weathering

_______ is the gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time

optimization

___________ is when you create conditions that produce the best possible outcome of something in the face of existing constraints

compensation

____________ is substitution or development of strength/ capability in one area to offset a real or imagined deficiency in another

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

big 5 personality traits:


1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?

(OCEAN)

conscientiousness

______ peaks during adulthood, specifically when one becomes a parent

extroversion

_______ peaks during emerging adulthood, when surrounded by likeminded people who are exploring their purpose in the world

generativity, stagnation

erikson’s personal concerns theory introduces _______ v. _________, concern for the productivity of the next generation, including intimacy v. isolation

midlife

________ is the between 40-60 years, but nobody agrees upon when it actually begins

midlife crisis

the ________ is the period in adulthood at which one begins to question the decisions they’ve made and the accomplishments they’ve had, pondering what the rest of their life should look like (no statistical evidence to support this phenomenon in adulthood)

correction

the mid-life _________ is the re-evaluation of roles & readjustment as needed to better benefit one’s life

midlife

the berkley longitudinal study discovered that at _______, adults are more satisfied with their careers, are more confident, have greater insight, and are more open

relationships

the kinds of ____ that adults have:

* convoy model
* selective optimization w/compensation
* socio-emotional selectivity

50

___% of the population over 18 is married & living with their spouse

31, 28

age of first marriage: __ for men & __ for women

marriage

benefits of ______:

* 9-15% reduction in mortality risk
* greater happiness
* higher life satisfaction
* better quality of life (spousal support)

better, fewer

married couples are associated with ______ health & ______ functional limitations

heart

bad marriages are harmful to your ______

bad, no

a ___ marriage is worse than ____ marriage at all

health

marriage has ______ benefits because:

* they have material support (finances, insurance, transportation, dual-parenting)
* there is a buffer against stress
* health-related behaviors are encouraged

women, men

_____ are more negatively impacted than ___ in an unhappy marriage/relationship (likely due to rumination tendencies)

marital success

factors influencing _______:

* relative maturity
* adult attachment
* similarity (assortative mating)
* social exchange theory
* equity theory

social exchange

_________ theory is when the benefits of a relationship outweigh the costs, resulting in a successful marriagr

equity

_______ theory theorizes that if each partner contributes equally to their relationship, marital satisfaction will be high

secure

a ______ adult attachment is when one has positive feelings about themself & their relationship (measured by interview questions)

preoccupied

a ______ attachment is characterized by low avoidance & high anxiety, where a partner is clingy

fearful-avoidant

a ________ attachment is characterized by high anxiety & high avoidance, where a partner will start a fight because relationships are scary, and they don’t feel good about themselves, don’t allow people to get too close, and when that does happen, the partner will distance themselves

dismissing-avoidant

a __________ attachment is when a partner remains at an arm’s length, characterized by high avoidance & low anxiety, don’t give much to the relationship & often use their partners for things that benefit themselves (emotional support, etc) (hardest attachment style to transform)

assortative mating

___________ is the tendency for people to choose mates who are more similar to themselves more likely than mates who are dissimilar

U-shaped

the ______ curve describes marital satisfaction in adults: high in early years, low in middle years, & high again in later years (18-20 year drop)

* caused by biopsychosocial factors, “doing gender”, change in identity
* similar drops are observed in couples without children

doing gender

“_________” is defined as involving the everyday performance of socially guided perceptual, interactional, and micropolitical activities that cast particular pursuits as expressions of masculine and feminine nature

50

divorce rate is about _____% in the US

communication

the biggest predictor of divorce is ________ problems

communication

these factors in ________ are strong predictors of divorce:

* criticism
* contempt
* defensiveness
* stonewalling

stonewalling

__________ is the act of persistently refusing to communicate with a partner or express emotions

contempt

___________ is the feeling that a person or a thing is worthless, making the partner feel worthless by using mockery or sarcasm

sandwich

the _______ generation is middle-aged adults caring for their children while also taking care of their aging parents

16

__% of adults in the US care for someone over the age of 50

49, 30

average age of the caregiver is ___ years (__% are over 65)

women

75% of caregivers are ______

alzheimer’s

a common case where loved ones are responsible for being a caregiver is _________ disease

instrumental activities of daily living

IADLs (___________) are activities such as making appointments, shopping, preparing meals, etc

activities of daily living

ADLs (__________) are basic-care tasks such as bathing, feeding, dressing, bladder/bowel care

age-based

the _______ double standard is when we evaluate a person’s abilities, changing explanations for actions based on age

* when younger adults' forgetfulness is attributed to a lack of effort or attention, but older adults' forgetfulness is attributed to lack of ability
* younger vs older people in car accidents: older people in car accidents should get their licenses taken away, whereas younger people aren’t at fault

stereotype

the ________ threat is when fear of being judged based on a stereotype negatively influences performance

elderspeak

_________ is when people say things like “look at that cute little old man” or group elders in this light, which is something that adults hate

ageism

_______ is when someone is discriminated upon by means of their age

longer

human lifespan has gotten _________, so you should start saving for retirement sooner rather than later

normative

_________ changes with age are normal changes that we can expect (eg. decreased bone density)

pathological

___________ changes with age are caused by disease(eg. osteoporosis = bones density decreased with age)

hollow, porous

bones become more _______ and _________ with age (increasing the likelihood of fractures)

cartilage

protective _________ in joints starts to deteriorate in the late 20s, causing osteo- & rheumatoid arthritis

muscles, bones, joints

one component of aging is changes in _______, ________, & _________

hearing

_______ loss is attributed to loud noise

presbycusis

_________ is a reduced sensitivity to high pitched tones

cardiovascular

changes in the _____ system include stiffening of the heart muscle, accumulation of fat deposits, & blood pressure decreases

circulatory

changes in the ________ system include hardening (calcification) of the arterial walls

aerobic

by age 65, the average person experiences about a 60% reduction in ________ capacity

respiratory

changes in the ________ system: max amount of air taken in a single breath decreases by 40% by age 85

immune

changes in the ________ system include more autoimmune disorders, longer time to build an immunity, & more likely to develop chronic conditions

neurofibrillary tangles

_________ are when fibers in the axon of the neuron become tangled together

amyloid plaques

_____________ are damaged & dying neurons collecting around a protein core, producing plaques

neurotransmitters

dopamine & acetylcholine are ____________

dopamine

_________ is a neurotransmitter that controls motor & executive functioning

acetylcholine

_____________ is a neurotransmitter associated with memory

volume/density

changes in brain _________ occur in the:

* prefrontal cortex
* temporal lobe (hippocampus)
* cerebellum

executive

_______ functioning errors occur in:

* selective attention/inhibition
* effortful processing

memory

_______ declines happen in:

* explicit memory(declines faster than implicit)
* working memory
* in real life (more retelling stories)
* more source memory errors/greater vulnerability to misinformation

bilateral

________ activation: the older adult brain is less lateralized, results in increases in frontal lobe activity

compensate

activity in both hemispheres occurs in the brain instead of just one to __________ for changes in structure/function

amygdala

age produces no change in the ________

positivity

the ________ effect states that older adults are more likely to notice positive stimuli, more motivated to derive emotional meaning from life, and more likely to maintain positive affect