Pathology Final

stem cell

unspecialized cell that can continuously divide and change into a specialized cell

labile cells

abundant stem cells that are always active, regeneration/ fibrous repair

labile cell examples

bone marrow, GI epithelium, bronchial epithelium

stable cells

abundant stem cells that are inactive until injury, regeneration/ fibrous repair

stable cells examples

liver, kidney

permanent cells

no stem cells, only fibrous repair

permanent cell example

brain, heart muscle, skeletal muscle

atrophy

decreased size and function of a cell, tissue, organ, or body part

anoxia

total lack of oxygen

hypoxia

partial lack of oxygen

ischemia

inadequate blood flow

hypertrophy

increased size and function due to the increased size of individual cells

hyperplasia

enlargement of a tissue or organ due to the increased number of cells

metaplasia

reversible change of one cell type to another due to chronic injury; adaptation to a new environment

dysplasia

disordered growth; abnormal cell adaptation

acute inflammation

severe, short-term, few hours or days

innate immunity

ability to attack any nonself substance from birth

adaptive immunity

acquired, requires previous exposure

B cell mediated hypersensitivity

Type I, II, III

T cell mediated hypersensitivity

Type IV

type I hypersensitivity

antibodies attach to mast cells, release a histamine and cause bronchospasm, itching, and vasodilation

type II hypersensitivity

antibodies cause inflammation or cell death causing interference with target cell function

type III hypersensitivity

antibodies and antigens

systemic type III hypersensitivity

complex forms in blood and deposited into tissue

local type III hypersensitivity

complex remains at the site of antigen introduction

type IV hypersensitivities

no antibodies, cytotoxic T cells are overactive

cytotoxic T cells

target and destroy antigens

helper T cells

facilitate the immune activities of B and other T cells

suppressor T cells

modulate the immune response to suppress the immune reactions after successful defense

memory T cells

enable a rapid secondary cellular immune response

scoliosis

abnormal lateral bending of spine

kyphosis

abnormal forward curvature of spine

lordosis

abnormal backward curvature of spine

osteoporosis

decreased mineralization of bones, increase bone porousness, decrease bone mass

primary osteoporosis

decrease in estrogen

secondary osteoporosis

Cushing syndrome, calcium or vitamin D deficiency, immobilization

fracture healing

inflammatory phase, soft callus, bony callus, remodeling phase

osteoarthritis

progressive, non-inflammatory erosion of joint cartilage

primary osteoarthritis

idiopathic

secondary osteoarthritis

due to injury or disaese

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic systemic autoimmune disease that involves synovial joints, inflammatory

Myasthenia Gravis

autoimmune disease, antibodies attach to acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cell which interrupt transmission of the nerve impulse

symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis

muscle weakness, rapid fatigue, drooping eyelids, double vision

contagion

spread of infection from one person to another

reservoir

place where the pathogen exists and from which it spreads to a new host

carriers

person or animal harboring the pathogen but suffering no obvious disease

modes of transmission of a contagion

direct contact, ingestion, indirect contact, droplets, vectors

direct contact

sexual intercourse, needle

ingestion

ingestion of contaminated food

indirect contact

fomites (inanimate materials carrying pathogens)

droplets

coughing, sneezing

vectors

insects

primary infections of streptococci

skin, pharynx, lungs, and heart valves

secondary infections of streptococci

sepsis, meningitis, bacterial endocarditis

noninfectious consequences of streptococci

scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

myobacteria

family of comma-shaped aerobic bacteria that cause chronic infections

neoplasm

new and abnormal growth of new cells

benign tumor

no capacity to cause death

malignant tumor

capacity to cause death

proto-oncogenes

“go” genes, promote normal cell growth but mutated become oncogenes

example of proto-oncogenes

HERS2

tumor suppressors

“stop” genes; restrain normal cell growth

p53 gene

gene that regulates apoptosis

development of carcinoma

normal epithelium, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, early invasive carcinoma, invasion of blood vessels or lymphatics

exudate

inflammatory edema; high protein content, due to local damage, allows protein to leak through capillary walls

transudate

non-inflammatory edema; low protein content, due to systemic damage, decreases plasma osmotic pressure

volatile acid

causes respiratory acidosis or alkalosis

fixed acids

cause metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

thrombosis

process of a blood clot forming a blood vessel

embolism

sudden obstruction of an artery, typically by an embolus

red blood cells

hemoglobin and erythropoietin

white blood cells

monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes

granulocytes

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

platelets

produced by megakaryocytes, stop bleeding by sticking together

acute myeloid leukemia

most common in adults, 70% of all leukemias

chronic myeloid luekemia

acquired gene defect, slower progression than AML

acute lymphoid leukemia

most common in children

chronic lymphoid leukemia

slow onset, most patients are asymptomatic

factors that lower blood pressure

vasodilation, decreased cardiac output, decreased blood volume, decreased heart rate, decreased contractility

factors that raise blood pressure

vasoconstriction, increased cardiac output, increased blood volume, increased heart rate, increased contractility

atherosclerosis

fatty deposits in the arterial wall that lead to an obstruction of arterial blood flow, leading to hypoxia or death of tissue

virus

genetic material, capsid, viral envelope, glycoprotein

Hepatitis with vaccine

Hepatitis A and B

hepatitis without vaccine

hepatitis C

obstructive lung disease

problems getting air out

examples of obstructive lung disease

obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis

restrictive lung disease

limits the ability of the lungs to expand during inhalation

asthma

chronic inflammatory disease of bronchioles, recurring episodes of bronchospasm

COPD

chronic air trapping due to bronchial outflow obstruction, combination of chronic bronchitis and emphasema

cyanotic heart defect

blood shunts from right to the left side of the heart

acyanotic heart defect

blood shunts from left to right side of the heart

myocardial ischemia

reversible, oxygen demand is greater than supply

myocardial infarction

heart attack, thrombus forms in coronary artery at the site of atherosclerotic plaque

zone of infarction

dead/ necrotic cells

zone of hypoxic injury

can recover if blood flow is restored, middle layer

zone of ischemia

outer layer, can recover if no further injury

rheumatic heart disease

protein found in bacteria triggers immune inflammatory reaction, heart is not directly infected but valves sustain damage

infective endocarditis

direct bacterial infection of the heart wall

exocrine pancrease

secretes pancreatic juice into ducts then into the intestine

endocrine pancreas

ductless organ, secrete hormones directly into the blood