APUSH T2 Review

The Spanish-American War began with the United States assisting which country in achieving independence from Spain?

Cuba

The Platt Amendment was added to the Cuban constitution in 1903. What did it state?

The US could intervene in Cuba

The United States gained the Philippines in 1898 at the conclusion of which war?

Spanish-American war

Why did the United States support Panama's war for independence against Colombia?

US wanted to build the Panama canal

Summarize the primary objective of the Open Door policy of 1899?

Remove the European Spheres of Influence in China, create a cooperative collective system, protecting Chinese markets.

What did the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine suggested that the United States had the right to?

Latin American domestic instability constituted a threat to American security - so the US should intervene in Latin America.

Who was an advocate of "Big Stick Diplomacy"?

FD Roosevelt

What did the Supreme Court rule in the Insular Cases of 1901-1903?

The Constitution does not follow the flag of the US.

Name one of the long-term causes of the First Great War in Europe?

Militarism, Imperialism, Nationalism, Alliances

Why did the German's resort to unrestricted submarine warfare during WWI?

British ships induced a blockade on Germany - preventing food from coming in.

How did Wilson respond to Germany expanding the war zone surrounding Great Britain?

Strict accountability note - in response to Germany's threat to sink neutral shipping vessels, President Wilson warned that the U.S. would hold Germany "to a strict accountability" for "property damaged or lives lost.

Who was Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State?

William Jennings Bryan

What made it most difficult for the United States to remain neutral in international affairs from 1914-1917?

The sinking of passenger ships by German submarines.

Name one way in which the federal government mobilized the domestic war effort during World War I?

CPI, WIB, Food Administration

What is a "victory garden"?

Encouraged public to plant gardens , produce their own food to win the war

Which United States socialist leader was jailed during WWI under the Espionage and Sedition Acts?

Eugene V Debs

In what ways did the United States actually help the Allied war effort in Europe during World War I?

Industry supplied war materials. Fresh toops. US navy (from Mahan) added to the blockade.

How did the United States primarily finance WWI?

Government bonds

What was the purpose of the War Industries Board.

Regulate/promote industry, focus the US economy entirely on the industry/war effort.

Set priorities for resources, coordinate purchases etc

What was the purpose of the Committee on Public Information?

Propaganda/media to keep morale high, anti german sentiment.

Whose influence in Europe was Woodrow Wilson most concerned with at the conclusion of WWI?

Germany / Soviets?

Explain one aspect of Wilson's 14 Points.

League of Nations - protective organization to promote peace

Name one aspect of the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany must pay reparations, take full blame for WWI, and disarm.

Why did ratification of the Treaty of Versailles meet such harsh resistance in the U.S. Senate?

Many believed that the League of Nations curtailed America's ability to act independently in foreign affairs, specifically Congress's power to declare war.

What are "Irreconcilables"

Irreconbilables: did not want the Treaty at all, will reject every version of it.

What are "Reservationists" regarding the Treaty of Versailles?

Reservationists: only will agree to the treaty if there were some reservations, ie protecting US rights in foreign affairs, limiting US involvement in it

Why did so many conservative Republicans oppose U.S. membership in the League of Nations?

Afraid the League would take away war powers from Congress

List one element of the populist platform.

Silver issue, no gold standard.

Who did the populists support in the presidential election of 1896?

William Jennings Bryan

Define the Progressive Era

Series of government based reforms in order to fix the bad of the gilded age

Who were the muckrakers?

Journalists / media who exposed the bads of the gilded age

Name two muckrakers and explain their significance.

Jacob Riis (expose slum life), Upton Sinclair (expose meat plants).

Name one specific goal of progressivism.

Government reform (recall, ballot initiative, referendum), greater efficiency, social justice.

Who is most associated with the settlement house movement?

Jane Addams

Name one work place reform made during the Progressive era.

Child labor established a minimum work age, and there were more strict safety/health codes.

Explain the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and with what purpose it was most often used for?

Allowed government to forbid businesses acting "in restraint of commerce". Tried to break up monopolies, instead was more successful at breaking up unions

Explain the Northern Securities Case

1904 - takedown of JP Morgan's railroad monopoly.

What was the 16th Amendment?

Federal Income Tax

What was the 17th Amendment?

Direct Election of Senators

Who all ran for president in the Election of 1912?

William Taft (Rep), Teddy Roosevelt (Bull Moose), Woodrow Wilson (Democrat),

Explain Roosevelt's "New Nationalism"

Promote government regulation/involvment in the economy, pro big business and social reform.

Explain Wilson's "New Freedom"

Government should have no place in economy, favored local governments, economic competition/states rights.

Explain the Great Migration that occurred during and immediately after WWI.

WWI created industrial jobs in the north - Blacks from the south migrated in search of better economic opportunity.

The 18th Amendment?

Prohibition

The 19th Amendment?

Women's suffrage

Why was the summer of 1919 known as "Red Summer"?

Racial friction - 25 race riots, 80 reported lynchings.

Which president won the Election of 1920 on a slogan of "Return to Normalcy"?

Harding

Name one major pitfall of Prohibition.

Never enough funding for enforcement, created crime/bootleggers.

What was the primary impact of Ford's Model T and his assembly line production?

Allowed the masses to get these cars, allowed more consumerism, created the middle class

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

Culture revival for Blacks. Artistic awakening/pride and cultural awareness.

What does the term Nativism mean?

Strongly prefer the natives (WASP) compared to everyone else.

How was the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s different than its earlier version?

Now they hate everyone! National, not regional. 100% Americanism. (Anti womens rights, anti catholic. anti black, anti jewish etc)

Name one of the trial lawyers in the Scopes Monkey Trial?

William Jennigns Bryan, Clarence Darrow

Name one reason why Prohibition failed in the long run.

Increased smuggling/crime made it impossible to enforce.

What was the general mood in the literature of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s?

Authors were disillusioned with modern society and culture.

What was the name of the Congressional act that gave the federal government the power to enforce prohibition?

Volstead Act.

The Harlem Renaissance occurred during which decade?

1920s

Name the 1920s Treasury Secretary most associated with the theory of Supply Side or "trickle down" economics?

Andrew W Mellon

What is the "Cult of Domesticity"?

Idea that women are "domesticated" and are to remain at the home to focus on domestic tasks. Distinguished gender roles between men / women

Why did immigration decrease so rapidly in the 1920s?

National Origins Act, Immigration quotas tired to stablize demographics, favoring nothern/western EU. Nativism too

Who is most associated with the onset of birth control in the 1920s?

Margaret Sanger

Briefly explain the Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925?

John Scopes taught evolution, big no no in Tennesse since it is illegal. William Jennings Bryan vs Clarence Darrow. Big deal since it's an example of tradtionalism vs modernism.

The 1927 film The Jazz Singer was the first film to feature what?

Sound/synchonized score music

Name one major contributing factor to the onset of the Great Depression.

Overproduction, increasing wealth gap, speculation.

What was "Black Tuesday"?

Stock market crash, largest in history

What was the biggest factor that lead to the decline of prosperity among farmers in the 1920s and early 1930s?

Overproduction, decrease of purchasing power.

Explain the concept of "buying on margin".

Buying on credit - give up 20% of product they either have or don't

Describe Herbert Hoover's philosophy of "progressive individualism"

Individuals should be in charge of their own economics - the government should not get involved. Classical economics.

What was the "Bonus Army"?

WWI veterans who wanted to get their bonuses early because of the onset of depression.

What are the three types of relief?

Voluntary, Work, Direct

What type of relief was Hoover an advocate of?

Voluntary

What was the impact of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff?

Very high tariff \= counter tariff on America. Global trade plummeted.

Give a specific example of Hoover's response to the Great Depression.

POUR - banks, businesses provide voluntary relief.

What were the three Rs of FDR's New Deal?

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Name one program based during FDR's New Deal?

AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Act

Name the largest and most ambitious relief program of the New Deal?

WPA - Works Progress Administration

What did the 20th Amendment do?

Moved inauguration from March to Jan

What was the primary purpose/function of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

Paid farmers to produce less! Money came from taxes on industry.

What is a "bank run"?

Run to the bank and get all your money out. But, if all do that, money doesn't exist anymore for all

List the steps taken by FDR to combat the banking crisis upon becoming president in 1933.

National bank holiday - banks closed. Emergency bank relief act -Created the FDIC to guarantee bank deposits. ALso had intentionally inflationary measures in order to artiifically raise prices. Fireside Chat - get the public's to side with FDR

What is the purpose of the FDIC?

Gurantee/insure bank deposits.

Explain the difference between classical economics & Keynesian economics.

Classical economics: "cycles" of economics, a low will eventually turn into a high. Keynesian ecnomics: gvmt has more proactive role in economics. Deficit spending to restore purchasing power.

Name the New Deal legislation passed in 1935 used payroll taxes to fund a federal retirement pensions program?

Social Security

Schecter Poultry Corp. vs U.S. ruled which piece of New Deal legislation unconstitutional?

NIRA (National Industry Recovery Act)

Who was FDR's most serious political threat in 1935?

Huey Long

Which New Deal program provided work to writers, artists, actors and musicians?

Federal Writers Project/WPA

How did Franklin Roosevelt respond to several unfavorable Supreme Court rulings concerning the New Deal?

Tried to "pack" the supreme court with justices that'll rule in his favor.

What was FDR urging with his Judicial Reorganization Bill and the Retirement Bill?

Urged older supreme court justices to retire, so FDR can put in new ones.

What was the primary focus of the Wagner Act?

Legally allow workers to collectively organize/bargain \-- essentially union.

Name one factor that led to a strong sense of isolationism in the United States during the 1930s.

Great Depression, Horror of WW1, Nye Commision Report, Neutrality Acts.

Neville Chamberlain "appeased" Hitler in the Munich Pact by essentially giving him which European country?

Czechoslovakia

What did the Neutrality Acts of 1935 state?

We will not sell arms to belligerent/at war countries

Name one aspect of FDR's "Armed Neutrality".

Educate, prepare, support allies

Which three countries were part of the Tripartite Agreement of 1940?

Japan, Italiy, Germany

How did FDR respond to Japanese military aggression prior to the bombing of Pearl Harbor?

Rallied the US to war, wanted declaration of war against Japan.

Outside of Pearl Harbor, name one other location targeted by Japan on December 7th 1941.

Midway. Guam, Phillippines, Thailand

Give one reason for why the military setbacks at Pearl Harbor were not as bad as initially thought?

The Japanese bombers missed oil tanks, ammunition sites and repair facilities, and not a single U.S. aircraft carrier was present during the attack.

How did the United States government deal with Japanese-Americans living on the west coast in the months following the attack on Pearl Harbor?

Imprisonment, put into camps. Anti-Japanese sentiment.

Name 2 battles that served as major turning points in the European theater of World War II?

Battle of Midway, Battle of Stalingrad