Kinesiology Unit 2

What is a joint?

Junction or pivot point between 2 or more bones

Human joint structure determines?

Function

More simple joints have what as a primary function?

Stability

More complex joints usually have what as a primary function?

Mobility

Bracing of joints is through?

Joint capsules, ligaments, and tendons

Joints designed for mobility are?

Synovial joints

What is a joint capsule?

Dense fibrous sleeve around synovial joint that contains synovial fluid

Joint capsule offers what kind of stability?

Passive

Ligaments offer joint stability and connect what?

Bone to bone

Tendons transfer force and connect?

Muscle to bone

What is arthrology?

Study of the classification structure and function of joints

What are three joint categories?

Synarthrosis

Amphiarthrosis

Diarthrosis (synovial joint)

What is synarthrosis?

Bony components that are connected by fibrous or cartilaginous connective tissue

What are examples of synarthrosis?

Sutures of the skull, teeth

Do synarthrosis joints have mobility?

No, offer stability

What is amphiarthrosis?

Junction between bones that is formed primarily by fibrocartilage or healing cartilage

What is an example of an amphiarthrosis joint?

Pubic symphisis

Do amphiarthrosis joints offer mobility?

Very little, offer stability

Diarthrosis joints are also known as?

Synovial joints

What is a diarthrosis joint?

Bony components are indirectly connected to one another by means of a joint capsule

Do diarthrosis joints offer movement?

Yes, mobile joints that allow purposeful movement

What is a uniaxial joint?

Motion occurs in one plane around one axis

How many degrees of freedom of motion are associated with uniaxial joints?

1

What is an example of a uniaxial joint?

Elbow

Sagittal plane with frontal axis

What is a biaxial joint?

Motion occurs in 2 planes around 2 different axes

How many degrees of freedom are associated with biaxial joints?

2

What is an example of a biaxial joint?

MCP 2-5-

Frontal plane sagittal axis and sagittal plane with frontal axis

What is a triaxial joint?

Multi axial joint, motion occurs in 3 planes around 3 axes

How many degrees of freedom of motion are associated with multiaxial joints?

3

What is an example of a multiaxial joint?

Shoulder

Flexion and extension sagittal plane frontal axis

Abduction and adduction frontal plane sagittal axis

Internal and External Rotation transverse plane longitudinal axis

What are classifications of synovial joints?

Hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, ball and socket, plane, saddle, condyloid

What is the subclassification of a hinge joint?

Uniaxial

What is an example of a hinge joint?

Elbow flexion and extension

What is the subclassification of pivot joints?

Uniaxial

What is an example of a pivot joint?

Forearm pronation and supination (plantoaxial joint)

What is the subclassification of ellipsoid joints?

Biaxial

What is an example of ellipsoid joints?

Wrist flexion and extension and radial and ulnar deviation

What is the subclassification of the ball and socket joint?

Multiaxial

What is an example of ball and socket joint?

Hip joint, flexion extension, abduction and adduction, internal and external rotation

What is the subclassification of plane joint?

Uniaxial

What is an example of plane joint?

Carpal metacarpal joint

What is the subclassification of s saddle joint?

Biaxial

What is an example of a saddle joint?

Thumb(carpal metacarpal joint) flexion and extension and abduction adduction

What is the subclassification of condyloid joint?

Biaxial

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

Knee

The fundamental materials that make up the connective tissue of joints are?

Fibers

Ground Substance

Cells

What fibers make up the majority of collagen in normal joints?

Type I-thick fibers bind and support articulating surfaces

Type II- thing fibers with flexibility allow for upward movements

What is ground substance made of?

Water

Solutes

Glycosaminoglycans-GAGs

What are glycosaninoglycans?

Made up of highly branched and negatively charged amino sugars that are strongly bound with water

What does ground substance do?

Provides structure and gives resistance to compression and provides shock absorption

What are the types of connective tissues that form the structure of joints?

Dense irregular

Articular Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Bone

What connective tissue covers the external layer of bones and resists tension?

Dense Irregular

What do the ligaments and joints do in dense irregular connective tissue?

Protect and bind the joint

What do the tendons do in dense irregular connective tissue?

Transfer forces between muscle and bone

What is the amount of ground substance in dense irregular connective tissue?

Low

What does the articular cartilage do?

Distributes and absorbs joint forces (compression and shear) while reducing joint friction

What does the articular cartilage cover?

Ends of long bones

What is the amount of ground substance in articular cartilage?

High

What does fibrocartilage do?

Supports and mechanically stabilizes joints

Dissipates loads across planes

Guides complex athrokinematics

What is the amount of ground substance in fibrocartilage?

Moderate

What is a kinematic chain?

Cooperative interdependent movement of segments and joints of the body

What is the closed kinematic chain?

Joints are interdependent. Proximal joints moving in relation to fixed or distal segments

In a closed kinematic chain the distal segment is?

Fixed

What do the closed kinematic chains provide?

Functional movement

Promote stabilization

What is an example of a closed kinematic chain?

Squatting to pick up a box

In an open kinematic chain?

The limb is free to move without causing motion of other joints in the system

In an open kinematic chain the distal end is?

Free in space

Open kinematic chain allows for?

Joints to move together or independently of others

Open kinematic chains promote?

Mobility

What is an example of open kinematic chain?

Conducting an orchestra

What is arthrokinematics?

Movement of joint surfaces, involuntary movements of bones in joint NOT under muscle control

What are the arthrokinematics types of motion?

Roll

Slide

Spin

What is roll?

Multiple parts along one rotating surface contact multiple points on another articular surface

What is slide?

A single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface

What is spin?

A single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface

What is the convex on concave surface?

Distal bone glides in opposite direction of rotational movement

In a convex on concave surface what happens with roll and slide?

Roll and slide in the opposite direction

What is an example of convex on concave surface?

Femur on tibia sitting to standing

What is the concave on convex surface?

Distal bone glides in same direction as rotational motion

In concave on convex surface what happens with roll and slide?

Roll and slide happens in the same direction

What is an example of concave on convex surface?

Tibia on femur bending knee back

Locked or close packed synovial joints occur when?

Joint surfaces are maximally congruent and the ligaments and capsule are maximally taut

In close packed or locked synovial joints what is happening with the contact and tension?

Maximal contact between articular surfaces

Maximal tension on surrounding ligaments

What is an example of close packed or locked synovial joints?

Locked knees or knees in full extension

During unlocked or loose packed position of a joint what occurs?

The ligaments and capsule are relatively slack and the bong components may be moved actively or passively through the anatomic ROM

Is there joint play for locked or close packed synovial joints?

Very little

Is there joint play for loose packed position?

Yes, there is increased mobility

What is osteokinematics?

Gross movement of bones in relation to one another

What is a contracture?

Abnormal shortening of muscle tissue surrounding joint rendering muscle/joint highly resistive to stretch

What is an example of bone on bone or hard end feel?

Elbow extension

What is an example of a soft end feel?

Knee flexion

What is an example of a firm end feel?

Shoulder flexion

Against gravity involves movement?

Directly against the force of gravity

Gravity reduced involves?

Horizontal movement parallel to the force of gravity

What score would someone get if they are able to move through full available ROM against gravity and hold test position against maximum resistance?

5

What score would someone get if their joint moves through full available ROM against gravity and holds test position against moderate resistance?

4

What score would someone get if their joint moves through full available ROM against gravity and holds test position against minimal resistance?

4-

What score would someone receive if their joint moves through full available ROM against gravity and holds test position against slight resistance?

3+

What score would someone get if their joint moves through full available ROM against gravity with no added resistance but is unable to hold test position?

3

What score would one receive if their joint moves through partial range of motion against gravity (more than 50 but less than 100%) and no resistance is applied?

3-