ch 15 lecture

cerebrum (telencephalon)

conscious though processes intellectual functions

cerebrum (telencephalon)

memory storage/processing

cerebrum (telencephalon)

conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle

diencephalon

epithalamus/pineal gland thalamus and hypothalamus

hypothalamus/pituitary

emotions autonomic functions hormones

thalamus

relay center

brain stem

mesencephalon (cerebral peduncles and corpora quadrigeminal)
pons
medualla oblongata

cerebellum

coordinates

mesencephalon (cerebral peduncles and corpora quadrigeminal)

visual and auditory data reflexive somatic motor

septum pellucidum

separates the lateral ventricle

lateral

spands both cerebral hemispheres

3rd ventricle

enclosed by the diencephalon

4th ventricle located where

hind brain

4th ventricle

continues as central cavity of the spinal cord

cerebral aqueduct located

midbrain

cerebral aqueduct

connects 3rd and 4th ventricle

choroid plexus

roofs of the 3rd and 4th ventricle CSF production

what protects the brain

bones, cranial meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood-brain barrier

cranial meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space CSF, pia mater

cerebrospinal fluid

provides buoyancy to cns structure, nourish the brain, removes waste, produced in the choroid plexuses (3 and 4 ventricle)

blood brain barrier

tight junctions not an absolute barrier

frontal lobe-precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex conscious control of skeletal muscle

parietal lobe-post central gyrus

primary sensory cortex-conscious perception of touch pressure vibration pain temp and taste

occipital lobe

visual cortex - conscious perception of visual stimuli

temporal lobe

auditory cortex and olfactory cortex conscious

fissure

longitudinal fissure and transverse cerebral fissure

longitudinal fissure

r and l hemispheres

transverse cerebral fissure

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

sulci and gyrus in cerebrum

lateral sulcus calcarine sulcus

lateral sulcus

separate temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

calcarine sulcus

separate temporal lobe from occipital lobe

motor

primary motor cortex

primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

voluntary movements, motor homunculus, brocas area

motor homunculus

spatial representation (face and hands)

brocas area

speech production

senory

primary sensory cortex

primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

conscious awareness, sensory homunculus, vestibular cortex

sensory homunculus

lips and hands

vestibular cortex

sense of balance/equilibrium

cerebral white matter commissures

corpus callosum

cerebral white matter association fibers

connect different cortical area within the same hemisphere run horizontally

cerebral white matter projection fibers

run vertically to and from the brain stem and spinal cord
sensory info ascend to the cortex motor info descends
internal capsule; b/w thalamus and basal nuclei
corona radiata; to and from the cerebral cortex fan out

basal nuclei

paired mass of gray matter deep within the white matter

basal nuclei function

control complex movements

caudate nucleus

superior to thalamus subconscious adjustments of voluntary motor commands

amygdaloid body (amygdala)

limbic system sex fear agression

claustrum

visual information processing and subconscious level by focusing attention of specific patterns of features

lentiform nuclei

same as caudate nucleus
putamen (lateral)
globus pallidus (medial)

corpus stratum is

lentiform nuclei plus caudate

limbic system function

process of memories creation of emotional state drives behavioral drives memory consolidation

limbic system is composed of

fornix, hippocampus, amygdaloid body, limbic lobe, thalamus, hypothalamus and reticular formation

reticular formation

network of interconnected nuclei throughout the brain steam

fornix

white matter connecting hippocampus with the hypothalamus

diencephalon function

connect the cerebrum to the brainstem mostly subconscious process

diencephalon is composed of

epithalamus, thalamus, 5 major nuclei, interthalamic, pineal gland, hypothalamus

epithalamus

circadian rhythm

thalamus

relay info both sensory and motor

5 major nuclei

anterior, medial, ventral, posterior, lateral

interthalamic adhesion

projection of gray matter that connects the r and l thalami

pineal gland

melatonin

anterior nuclei

limbic system memories emotions learning

medial nuclei

conscious awareness of emotional stress

ventral nuclei

basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

posterior nuclei

sensory info

lateral nuclei

cingulate gyrus and parietal lobe

hypothalamus

nervous and endocrine system

the hypothalamus

regulates sleep cycles hunger thirst and body temp secretion of pituitary gland and ans
visceral control center
infundibulum
supraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus
suprachiasmatic nucleus
appetitive drives thirst and hunger
mamillary bodies

supraoptic nucleus

produces adh

infundibulum

links the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

paraventricular nucleus

produces oxytocin

suprachiasmatic nucleus

biological clock, rf, pineal gland, etc

mamillary bodies

control feeding, reflexes, swallowing

mesencephalon (midbrain) function

most superior portion of the brain stem

mesencephalon (midbrain) composed of

corpora quadrigemina, cerebral peduncle

corpora quadrigemina

superior colliculi , inferior colliculi

cerebral peduncle

1. ascending fiber
2. descending fibers corticospinal pathway
3. white matter

superior colliculi

visual

inferior colliculi

auditory

mesencephalon (midbrain) gray matter

tectum (roof)
1. superior colliculi
2. inferior colliculi
walls and floor
1. red nuclei
2. substantia nigra
3.reticular formation

red nuclei

involuntary control of muscle tone and limb position coordinated with the cerebellum

substantia nigra

regulates activity in the basal nuclei

reticular formation

automatic processing of incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands
a) group of neuorns that run through the medulla pons and midbrain
b)ras (reticular activating system)

ras (reticular activating system)

maintains consciousness and alertness functions in sleep

pons function

cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VII
involuntary skeletal muscles
attached to the cerebellum by the cerebellar peduncles
involuntary control of respiration

cerebellum functions

adjust the postal muscles of the body to maintain a balance posture and equilibrium
fine- tunes voluntary and involuntary movements

featured in the cerebellum

vermis, folia, lobes, Purkinje cells, arbor vitae, cerebellar peduncles

vermis

connects the 2 hemisphere

folia

surface is folded into folia similar to gyri

lobe

anterior
posterior
floculonodular lobe

Purkinje cells

subconscious coordinate

arbor vitae

connects cerebellar cortex with cerebellar peduncles ( white matter)

cerebellar peduncles

superior
middle
inferior

floculonodular lobe

balance and control of eye movements

anterior lobe

planning, execution, coordination of limb/tunk

superior

link cerebellum with mesencephalon diencephalon and cerebrum

middle

link cerebellum and pons

inferior

link cerebellum and medulla oblongata/spinal cord

medulla oblongata functions

connects brain to spinal cord
relay station
breathing, blood pressure, heart rate

medulla oblongata features

medullary pyramids
medullary olives contain inferior olivary nuclei
ascending tracts
autonomic nuclei

ascending tracts

nucleus gracilis
nucleus cunetaus