BIOLOGY EXAM 3

Why do red blood cells contain hemoglobin?

-it allows swelling for formation of a sphere to hold more oxygen

-hemoglobin can bind and carry four molecules of oxygen simultaneously

-it makes the red blood cell heavier, so it can carry more oxygen

-it enhanced free movement through plasma

Hemoglobin can bind and carry four molecules of oxygen simultaneously

Which of the following is a true statement?

-the lymphatic system transports proteins from the small intestine to the liver

-the three lymph organs are the spleen, thymus and liver

-the lymphatic system transports lymph through the spleen to filter aged blood cells and other debris

-the lymphatic system transports lymph back to the circulatory system

the lymphatic system transports lymph back to the circulatory system

Which of the following best describes the major function of an internal circulatory system?

-transport food throughout the body

-transport food and oxygen close to each cell and carry away wastes produced by the cells

-circulate blood through the body

-to serve as a means of transport of interstitial fluid

transport food and oxygen close to each cell and carry away wastes produced by the cells

Blood returns to the heart via the ____.

-aorta

-pulmonary arteries

-pulmonary veins

-aorta and pulmonary arteries

-aorta and pulmonary veins

pulmonary veins

from the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the ______.

-right atrium

-left atrium

-aorta

-capillaries of the lungs

-inferior vena cava

left atrium

from the superior vet cava, blood flows to the ______.

-right atrium

-left atrium

-aorta

-capillaries of the lungs

-inferior vena cava

right atrium

from the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____

-right atrium

-left atrium

-aorta

-capillaries of the lungs

-inferior vena cava

inferior vena cava

A runner complained to his friends that he could not “get enough breath.” they suggested that he talk with his doctor. after testing, the doctor suggested that he had a dilated cardiomyopathy, which, as the doctor explained, results from a weakened left ventricle that can’t pump out all the oxygenated blood that it receives from the lungs. what does this have to o with not “getting enough breath”?

-the pressure behind the left ventricle’s valve is causing the valve to leak, and the blood circulating to his muscles cannot adequately supply oxygen to the exercised muscles

-his left ventricle is not receiving enough blood to supply oxygen to all his muscles responding to exercise

-his left ventricle can’t move blood fast enough to prevent pressure from building behind it, so blood backs up under pressure into the lungs. fluid is forced out through the tiny capillaries in the lungs and prevents oxygenation of blood

-because the left ventricle cannot pump properly, the resulting pressure damages the left atrium so that it cannot be adequately handle blood coming from the lungs. consequently, oxygenated blood is not supplied to the exercised muscles.

his left ventricle can’t move blood fast enough to prevent pressure from building behind it, so blood backs up under pressure into the lungs. fluid is forced out through the tiny capillaries in the lungs and prevents oxygenation of blood

Which of the following people would most likely be selected for this trial?

-an elderly heart attack victim

-a middle aged stroke victim

-a young car accident victim who is bleeding profusely and whose heart has stopped

-a child having a seizure

a young car accident victim who is bleeding profusely and whose heart has stopped

a patient is treated with this technique. which of the following is true

-their brain activity is heightened

-their brain activity is reduced

-their brain activity is enhanced

-their brain activity is stopped

their brain activity is reduced

damage to which of the following would require this process to be altered

-inferior vena cava

-aorta

-superior vena cava

-fermoral artery

aorta

In the future, scientists figure out how to slow human metabolism long enough for interstellar travel. which of the following is most similar to this

-a ruby-throated hummingbird in a state of torpor

-a marmot in true hibernation

-a squirrel sleeping

-a grizzly bear is false hibernation

a ruby-throated hummingbird in a state of torpor

A patient has open-heart surgery. Why is a heart-lung machine needed

-to keep the heart beating

-to keep the brain and body tissues warm

-to oxygenate the brain and body tissues

-to keep the brain and body tissues cool

to oxygenate the brain and body tissues

What is different about the hearts of fishes as compared to more complex vertebrate hearts

-both atria of the hearts of fishes empty into a single ventricle

-fishes have a three-chambered heart

-the hearts of fished consist of two contractile chambers instead of four

-they have an open circulatory system

the hearts of fishes consist of two contractile chambers instead of four

Because capillaries are only one endothelial cell thick, fluid from plasma continually leaks into the spaces surrounding capillaries. is this benefit or not, and why or why not

-not a benefit. too much fluid would be removed from the circulatory system, resulting in dehydration

-benefit. it provides cells with nutrients and accepts their wastes

-not a benefit. the cells would drown in interstitial fluid

-benefit. the interstitial fluid is able to monitor the number of cells dying and call for replacements

benefit. it provides cells with nutrients and accepts their wastes

which of the following is leukocyte that engulfs and destroys bacteria?

-red blood cell

-lymphocyte

-neutrophil

-basophil

-eosinophil

neutrophil

The vertebrate circulatory system transports oxygen from the lungs or gills to the tissues. what does it transfer from the tissues back to the lungs?

-hormones

-antibodies

-carbon dioxide

-nitrogen waste

carbon dioxide

Why does the post-medieval skull in the video have such bad teeth?

-the bacteria is people’s mouths were becoming resistant to antibodies

-people stopped brushing their teeth after the roman period

-diets during this time period were high in sugar

-the skull is much older than the roman skull

diets during the time period were high in sugar

what is the direct cause of demineralization of the enamel on teeth?

-plaque formed by bacteria

-saliva in the mouth

-acids produced by bacteria

-sugar in food

-food debris

acids produced by bacteria

what is the direct cause of gum disease?

-acids produced by bacteria

-plaque formed baby bacteria

-saliva in the mouth

-sugar in food

-food debris

plaque formed by bacteria

which of the following can increase your risk of atherosclerosis?

-avoiding cigarettes

-avoiding a diet high in saturated fat

-avoiding exercise

-avoiding high blood pressure

-avoiding sugary snack

avoiding exercise

which of the following is true?

-heart disease is c asked by the presence of bacteria in the blood

-periodontal disease causes heart disease

-heart disease causes periodontal disease

-there is correlation between periodontal disease and heart disease

there is correlation between periodontal disease and heart disease

people who produce very little saliva often have more cavities. what is the best explanation for this?

-a lack of saliva can make the brushing of teeth uncomfortable, and reduced brushing leads to more cavities

-people who produce very little saliva cannot support the growth of beneficial bacteria in their mouths

-since saliva normally helps neutralize acid and replace minerals on teeth, a lack of saliva leads to more cavities

-people who produce very little saliva have trouble digesting proteins and fats, and tend to eat a diet high in sugar

since saliva normally help neutralize acid and replace minerals on teeth, a lack of saliva leads to more cavities

dentists sometimes give a patient antibiotics after a teeth0cleaning procedure, especially if the patient is older or has heart disease. what is the best explanation for this?

-antibiotics help kill the bacteria that move from the mouth to the bloodstreams and prevent the bacteria from contributing to atherosclerosis

-the material used during a teeth0cleaning procedure are high in low-density lipoproteins, and contribute to atherosclerosis

-antibiotics help remove the plaque that remains on the teeth after a teeth-cleaning procedure

-teeth-cleaning procedure add bacteria to a person’s mouth, and antibiotics are needed to control the bacteria

antibiotics help kill the bacteria that move from the mouth to the bloodstream, and prevents the bacteria from contributing to atherosclerosis

Calculate the volume of blood moved per minute by a heart a rest

a heart “at rest” beats at a rate of 72 beats per minute a nd moves 70 milliliters of blood per beat

5040 mL

calculate the volume of blood moved per minute by a heart that has been stimulate by epinephrine

a heart “at rest” beats at a rate of 72 beats per minute a nd moves 70 milliliters of blood per beat

30240 mL

how much more blood does the heart move in a minute when stimulated compared to at rest?

a heart “at rest” beats at a rate of 72 beats per minute a nd moves 70 milliliters of blood per beat

25200 mL

what is the precent increase in blood flow due to stimulation?

a heart “at rest” beats at a rate of 72 beats per minute a nd moves 70 milliliters of blood per beat

500%

what part of the heart is the pacemaker for contraction of the heart muscles?

-purkinje fibers

-sinoatrial (SA) node

-atrioventricular (AV) node

-atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle)

sinoatrial (SA) node

what is the force (pressure) measured during the heart’s ventricular contractions called?

-diastolic pressure

-SA node

-hypertension

-systolic pressure

systolic pressure

Some endurance athletes get illegal injections of erythropoietin. Why would they do that?

-to stimulate the heart

-to increase their hormone levels

-to stimulate formation of additional red blood cells for greater oxygen-carrying ability

-to stimulate production of blood proteins to enhance cell feeding

to stimulate formation of additional red blood cells for greater oxygen-carrying ability

Where does most of the 15% of interstitial fluid that does not initially reenter the bloodstream finally end up?

-it becomes an intracellular fluid

-it is discharged from the body as urine

-it enters the lymphatic system, which ultimately dumps it back into the blood

-it is converted to other body fluids

it enters the lymphatic system, which ultimately dumps it back into the blood

High blood pressure, or ____, is caused by the construction of small arteries, which causes resistance to blood flow

hypertension

invertebrates with an open circulatory system have body cavity called a(n) ____, which contains a blood-like fluid that bathes body tissues directly

hemocoel

the heart’s ____ valve open when the ventricles contract, allowing blood to enter the pulmonary artery and the aorta

semilunar

an artery branches into a blood vessel of smaller diameter called a(n) ____ arteriole, which conducts blood into a network of capillaries

arteriole

____ is caused by a plaque deposits within the artery walls, which cause the arteries to thicken and lose elasticity

atherosclerosis

when the heart’s ____ valves open, blood can flow from the atria into the ventricles

atrioventricular

A(n) _____, or white blood cell, is larger than a red blood cell but is able to fit through much narrower spaces

leukocyte

blood travels along the ____ circuit when it passes from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart

pulmonary

A(n) _____ is a red blood cell. its red color is produced by the iron-containing protein _____, which transports most of the blood’s oxygen

erythrocyte; hemoglobin

Which of the following is a difference between an artery and vein?

-presence of connective tissue

-presence of endothelium

-presence of smooth muscle

-amount of muscle tissue

amount of muscle tissue

What is the purpose of stationing macrophages in the spleen and liver?

-to stimulate megakaryocytes

-to clear debris from the blood

-to initiate blood clotting

-to consume dead red blood cells

to consume dead red blood cells

what is the major difference between an open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system?

-in the closed circulatory system, blood is confined to a heart and blood vessels, whereas in an open system, hemolymph (blood) moves from a heart through vessels into interconnected spaces called a “hemocoel.”

-the closed circulatory system has a series of branching vessels to carry blood whereas the open circulatory system has no vessels

-the closed circulatory system uses blood to transport dissolved substances and there is no equivalent in the open transport system

-the open circulatory system does not have a heart whereas the closed system has a heart

in the closed circulatory system, blood is confined to a heart and blood vessels, whereas in an open system, hemolymph (blood) moves from a heart through vessels into interconnected spaces called a “hemocoel.”

Which of the following blood cell types are responsible fro engulfing bacteria and cellular debris?

-eosinophils

-basophils

-macrophage

-lymphocytes

macrophage

Suggest a way that interstitial fluid (water) can be drawn back into the blood vessels

-fluid is drawn in as a result of a negative pressure in the vessels

-the lower volume of fluid in capillaries compared to that in tissues causes movement of fluid into capillaries

-fluid is drawn in by the force that moves blood through capillaries

-the high osmotic pressure of the blood inside the capillaries caused by albumin draws fluid back into the vessels by osmosis

the high osmotic pressure of the blood inside the capillaries caused by albumin draws fluid back into the vessels by osmosis

Which of the following is a true statement?

-semilunar valves allow blood to enter the vena cava

-atrioventricular valves allow blood to flow through veins

-atrioventricular calves allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles, but not the reverse

-semilunar valves are found within the atria

atrioventricular valves allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles, but not the reverse

at the beginning of a cardiac cycle, what happens first?

-the atria begin rapid, uncoordinated, weak contractions

-the aorta contracts to keep blood moving

-both ventricles contract at the same time

-both atria contract at the same time

both atria contract at the same time

The cellular components of the blood are produced in the _____

-red bone marrow

-red blood cell

-heart

-erythrocyte

-leukocyte

red bone marrow

which cambers of the vertebrate heart pump blood through the lungs and to the rest of the body?

-arteries

-the SA node

-ventricles

-atria

ventricles

what is the major difference between arteries and veins?

-arteries have valves; veins do not have valves

-the walls of arteries contain three laters; the walls of veins one contain a single layer of cells

-arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart

-ventricles pump blood through veins; atria receive blood though arteries

arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart

Which of the following is the name for microscopically thin blood vessels associated with the circulatory system?

-capillaries

-arterioles

-arteries

-veins

capillaries

During vigorous exercise you experience accumulation of carbon dioxide and lactic acid in your tissue. How does your body respond?

-signals from stressed tissues cause the muscles in the walls of nearby arterioles to contract

-smooth muscles in the vein walls contract to raise the blood pressure

-blood is shunted to vital organs such as the heart and brain

-pre-capillary sphincters open to increase blood flow to the tissues

pre capillary sphincters open to increase blood flow to the tissues

How is lymph moved along the lymphatic vessels?

-lymph moves by contractions of smooth. muscles in the lymphatic vessels and contraction of nearby skeletal muscles during exercise

-the thymus acts as a pumping organ by producing rhythmic pulses

-lymph moves along lymphatic vessels due toe blood pressure

-gravity moves lymph through lymph vessels

lymph moves by contractions of smooth muscles in the lymphatic vessels and contraction of nearby skeletal muscles during exercise

The red color of an erythrocyte is caused by a large, iron-containing protein called____

-hemoglobin

-globulin

-albumin

-erythropoietin

hemoglobin

The liquid portion of bloods called the _____

-globulin

-cellular component

-protein

-plasma

plasma

What would happen if the atria and ventricles of the heart contracted simultaneously?

-blood would move in the reverse direction

-there would be inefficient filling and back flow

-there would be no difference in the blood pressure

-systolic pressure would increase

there would be inefficient filling and back flow

What is the name of the cardiovascular disease that is caused by deposits, called “plaques,” within the artery walls?

-atherosclerosis

-angioplasty

-dilated cardiomyopathy

-angina

atherosclerosis

an example of an organ is ____

-epithelial tissue

-a nerve

-the skin

-blood

-connective tissue

the skin

which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?

-muscle

-epithelial

-connective

-blood

-nervous

blood

which of the following statements is true?

-organs are formed from at least two tissue types that function together

-to conserve body heat, smooth muscles in arterioles supplying blood to the skin relax, allowing more blood to flood the capillary beds

-skin is a good example of an organ that contains only two tissue types

-a basement membrane of fibrous proteins in the skin holds the epidermis to the subnormal connective tissue

organs are formed from at least two tissues types that function together

What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?

-smooth muscles

-skeletal muscle

-striated muscle

-voluntary muscle

-cardiac muscle

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers

-branched

-unstriated

-unbranched and cylindrical

-spindle shaped

-striated

branched

____ muscle is attached to bones

-smooth

-involuntary

-cardiac

-branched

-skeletal

skeletal

Which of the following is a definition of homeostasis?

-the process that some animals use to extract heat from their environment

-a mechanism that animal use to produce body heat by metabolic reactions

-a process whereby a change in the environmental causes a rapid, self-limiting response that amplifies the initial change

-a process whereby the body maintains its internal environment within a narrow range of conditions necessary for optimal cell functioning

a process whereby the body maintains its internal environment within a narrow range of conditions necessary for optimal cell functioning

Assume an animal lives in a mudflat that experiences low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels twice a day during low tides. How could this animal compensate for this situation when it actually needs oxygen and carbon dioxide of normal metabolism?

-break down water and use the oxygen released for metabolism

-reduce activity to slow down metabolism until better conditions return, as this will reduce its oxygen requirement

-concentrate sea salts within cells and wit until the tides bring in dissolved oxygen

-switch to an anaerobic mode of metabolism

reduce activity to slow down metabolism until better conditions return, as this will reduce its oxygen requirement

Which of the following is a function of cartilage?

-cartilage provides the supporting framework for the respiratory passsages

-cartilage is produced and secreted by exocrine glands

-cartilage provides a framework for organs such as the liver

-cartilage forms a matrix hardened by deposits of calcium phosphate

-cartilage is a specialized form of blood and lymph

cartilage provides the supporting framework for the respiratory passages

what is the purpose of a negative feedback system in governing homeostasis?

-the change in the environment produces a negative feedback repsonse that intensifies the initial change

-it counteracts changes in the environment that alter the cell’s normal functioning

-it causes production of oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions during the birthing process

-it regulates blood oxygen content in humans

it counteracts changes in the environment that later the cell’s normal functioning

the heart is composed of ____ muscle, which is spontaneously active and not under conscious control

cardiac

____ glands do not have ducts; they secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid. examples include the thyroid and pituitary

endocrine

a reptile is a(n) _____, an organism that derives most of its heat from the external environment. A mammal is a(n) ______, an organism that derives most of its heat from internal metabolic reactions

ectotherm; endotherm

_____ glands secrete substances into a body cavity or onto the body surface, usually through a narrow tube or duct. Examples include sweat gland and mammary glands

exocrine

the other layer of skin, or the ___, is a stratified epithelial tissue. Directly beneath this layer lies the _____, which is a layer of connective tissue

epidermis; dermis

the ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions is known as _____

homeostasis

all of the external and internal surfaces of the body, including the digestive system, are covered by _____ tissue

epithelial

A(n) _____ is a specialized cell that generates and conducts electrical signals

neuron

What is the major difference between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

-skeletal muscle is not stimulated by the nervous system; cardiac muscle is stimulated by the nervous system

-skeletal muscle is under voluntary control; cardiac muscle is spontaneously active and involuntary

-skeletal muscle is found embedded throughout the body in the walls of several systems (respiratory) and organs (bladder); cardiac muscle is found only in the heart

-skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are both under voluntary control

skeletal muscle is under voluntary control; cardiac muscle spontaneously active and involuntary

which of the following requires the functioning of an organ system?

-digestion

-urine production

-gas exchange

-bile production

digestion

Which of the following is an example of an ectotherm?

-eagle

-horse

-hummingbird

-frog

-mouse

frog

what is the name of the hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth?

-oxytocin

-hypothalamus

-adipose

-keratin

-endotherm

oxytocin

what tissues type serves as a long-term energy storage depot as well as insulation for animals adapted to cold environments?

-adipose tissue

-epithelial tissue

-muscle tissue

-connective tissue

adipose tissue

a neuron consist of ____

-a cell body only

-dendrites only

-axons only

-dendrites, a cell body, and axons

-striations

dendrites, a cell body, axons

nervous tissue functions ____

-as a physical barrier to the invasion of pathogens

-to physically move the body

-to sense stimuli

-to physically support the body

-in the absorption of nutrients

to sense stimuli

Why does the reporter have a tube up his nose?

-as a feeding tube to replace lost nutrients

-to recycle the water he loses during the test

-to replace the salts and other ions lost during the test

-to accurately measure core temperature

to accurately measure core temperature

the reporter is participating in a study within a room that is heated. why is he also on a treadmill?

-heat stroke only occurs when a person is walking or running

-exercising causes a faster increase in his core temperature

-an inactive person;s body temperature does not rise, even is the environment is warm

-heat stroke only happens to athletes, so he must exercise to stimulate what happens to heat stroke victims

exercising causes a faster increase in his core temperatures

why does an enzyme cease to function when it had become denatured?

-denaturation changes the three-dimensional shape of the substrate molecules, preventing them from binding to the active site on an enzyme

-denaturation causes the substrate molecules to bind so tightly to the enzyme’s active site that the enzyme can no longer interact with other molecules of substrate

-denaturation changes the three-dimensional shape of the active site of the enzyme, preventing it form binding to the substrate

-denaturation breaks down the molecules of the substrate before they can bid to the active site of the enzyme

denaturation changes the three-dimensional shape of the active site of the enzyme, preventing it from binding to the substrate

which statement is true about enzymes in the human body?

-enzymes in the human body usually work best at normal body temperature

-enzymes in the human body always work better and the temperature decreases

-enzymes in the human body always work better as the temperature increases

-enzymes in the human body work just as well at any temperature

enzymes in the human body usually work best at normal body temperature

which of the following is generally true within the human body?

-blood flow near the skin and in the extremities only increase when a person is in a state of heat stroke

-when a person is warm, blood flow near the skin and in the extremities increases

-when a person is cold, blood flow near the skin and in the extremities increases

-a person having a heat stroke has constant blood flow through the heart, but decreased blood flow near th skin and in the extremities

when a person is warm, blood flow near the skin and in the extremities increases

having a low-grade fever of 100 to 102 degrees is a common side effect of a bacterial infection. which of the following statements provides the most reasonable explanation for why this could be beneficial?

-it is doubtful that a change is body temperature would have any effect on the bacteria living inside the body

-an increase in body temperature causes the bacteria to multiply faster within the body, but they o less damage at the higher temperature

-an increase in body temperature causes enzymes to break down more substrate

-an increase in body temperature could denature in heat-sensitive bacteria without denaturing the enzymes of the person with the infection

an increase in body temperature could denature enzymes in heat-sensitive bacteria without denaturing the enzymes of the person with the infection

just as heat can denature enzymes, so can a change in the pH. enzymes that normally work in an acidic environment in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too alkaline. And enzymes that normally work in alkaline environments in the body can become denatures if the pH becomes too acidic. Taking an antacid to reduce the acidity (and increase the pH) of the stomach and to relieve heartburn can make a person more comfortable. what would be the major drawback to taking too many antacids?

-taking too many antacids could denature the enzymes that break down food in the stomach

-it is doubtful that taking too many antacids could have any negative effects n the body

-taking too many antacids could make stomach enzymes more powerful

-taking too Manu antacids can change the way food tastes

taking too many antacids could denature the enzymes that break down food in the stomach

why does simple epithelial work so well as a lining inside the lungs?

-it provides support, flexibility, and strength to organs that must stretch

-the cells can be widely spaced and surround by a thick, nonliving matrix composed of collagen

-it can withstand considerable wear and tear

-it allows for rapid diffusion of gases into and out of the lungs

it allows for rapid diffusion of gases into and out of the lungs

what do biologists call groups of cells that specialized to secrete substances outside the cells?

-adipose tissue

-glial cells

-lymph

-glands

glands

how does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?

-connective tissue often consist of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix

-connective tissue consist of contractile proteins

-connective tissue consists of cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses

-there are three types of connective tissue

-connective tissue is found linign body surfaces

connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix

which of these describes loose connective tissue?

-it is loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material

-it is composed of many fibers that connect bone to bone and muscle to bone

-it is a rigid material that provides structural support

-it transports nutrients and gases from one part of the body to another

-it plays a role in padding, insulation, and energy storage

it is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material

cartilage is found ____

-surrounding organs such as the kidneys

-in the heart

-at the ends of bones such as the femur

-covering the surface of your body

-connecting one bone to another

at the ends of bones such as the femur

____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport

-bone

-blood

-adipose tissue

-muscle tissue

-cartilage

blood

red:

erythro-

windpipe:

bronch

bone:

oss- (or osteo-)

lung:

pneumo-