ap world unit 8

Bretton Woods Conference (1945)

officially known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was a gathering of delegates from 44 nations that met from July 1 to 22, 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to agree upon a series of new rules for the post-WWII international monetary system

President Harry S. Truman (U.S.)

ordered atomic bombs dropped on cities devoted to war work. Two were Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In June 1945 Truman witnessed the signing of the charter of the United Nations, hopefully established to preserve peace.

the Tehran conference

Iran, Nov 1943; allies agreed soviet union would focus on freeing eastern Europe, and Britain and the US would focus on the west. Some Poland territory was also given to the soviet union (to stop from Germany taken it)

the Yalta conference

Feb 1945, allies disagreed what should happen after Germany surrendered

* focused on plans for reconstructing Europe and defeating japan
* Roosevelt wanted democratic elections in eastern Europe and for the USSR to join the war against Japan
* Stalin wanted influence over eastern Europe and to control some islands in Asia

conference ended with a pledge to fight Japan by the Soviets

the Potsdam conference

\
final meeting of the big three, July 1945 in Germany

* Truman was representing the US since Roosevelt had died, he insisted on free elections in eastern Europe but Stalin refused his demand and was controlling the area


* Churchill started the conference but was replaced by Clement Atlee


* conference failed to settle important issues between superpowers

what plan was created for Europe to bounce back after WWIII?

the Marshall plan

advancements during WWII/cold war

* air pressure systems for airplane cabins


* refrigeration for food
* stronger plywood
* use of penicillin, which saved millions

how was the Cold War fought?

through an arms race, propaganda, campaigns and secret operations

what kind of bombs were developed in the early 1950s?

hydrogen, both the USSR and the US had created them

1961

president Dwight Eisenhower was concerned about the competition for nuclear weapons and warned against allowing the **military-industrial complex**

military-industrial complex

a nation's military establishment, as well as the industries involved in the production of armaments and other military materials

why had the league of nations failed?

because it lacked support from strong countries like the US and also was incapable of stopping small conflicts before they turned into larger ones

formation of the UN

1943: US, GB, the soviet union and China discussed the UN

* established in 1945

iron curtain

described the split between eastern and western Europe, used by Winston Churchill in 1946, talking about the cold war

differences between the USSR and the US

* the US was capitalist and the USSR were communist, the US were democratic and the USSR were authoritarian
* soviets accused the US of giving poor people the “freedom to starve” and discriminating against minorities
* the USSR also emphasized the differences of women’s rights in comparison to the US

the soviet’s satellite countries

directed countries like Bulgaria, east Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania to develop five-year plans, and the USSR exploited them, forced to import only soviet goods and export only to the soviet union

satellite countries

small states that are economically or politically dependent on a larger, more powerful state

world revolution

the idea that the workers around the world should overthrown capitalism; the soviets supported uprisings between 1919 and 1923 in various European states

containment of communism

George Kennan believed in the policy of containment (not letting communism spread further) after working in Moscow for the US

truman doctrine

speech 1947 outlined the Truman doctrine, where the goal was to stop communism (especially in Greece and Turkey)

the Marshall plan

enacted in June 1947 which offered 12 billion to aid all nations in Europe (including Germany) to modernize and reduce trade barriers

* the soviet union and the satellites countries refused to participate
* created the COMECON (council for mutual economic assistance) that only benefitted eastern Europe

1957

the soviet union launched the first artificial satellite called Sputnik which orbited around earth

mutual assured destruction (MAD)

early in 1959 the soviets tested the first intercontinental ballistic missile, then the US tested one

1955

Indonesia had the Bandung conference and countries from China, India + 27 more passed resolutions against colonialism

* organization of the non-aligned movement in 1961


* members also became biased towards one super power or another

Berlin blockade

division into 4 zones: the 3 western zones would be a free city inside the soviet zone of Germany

* the soviets stopped supplies from coming in but the allies didn’t want to start any conflict so they created the Berlin airlift, where they flew in supplies between feb 1948 and may 1949

west Germany

the federal republic of Germany

east Germany

german democratic republic

Berlin wall

built august 1961

emigration out of east Germany

east Germany saw the growth of west Germany and wanted to move there; between 1949 and 1961, 2.5 million east germans emigrated

NATO (north Atlantic treaty organization)

established in April 1949 to coordinate defenses in case there were a war to start with the soviets

* In 1949, there were 12 founding members of the Alliance: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States.

soviet’s response to NATO

the Warsaw pact in 1955 which combined armed forces in Moscow (known as the communist bloc)

* Albania joined the Warsaw pact then withdrew in 1968 and created an alliance w china

SEATO (southeast Asia treaty organization)

formed in 1954 with Australia, France, Great Britain, new Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand and the US

US spread its influence through _____

treaties and organizations

korean war

US occupied the south while the USSR occupied the north

* the war (1950-1953) began when north Korea invaded the south in order to unite the peninsula
* the UN voted to defend the south, the US provided the most help
* USSR only sent money and artillery to the north, not troops
* the war ended in a stalemate

vietnam war

US president Eisenhower followed the policy of containment and sent military to south Vietnam in order to prepare for a communist takeover by the north

* the US was supporting a problematic south Vietnamese ruler, Ngo Dinh Diem but there was soon a coup that overthrew him (w US support)

1964

President Lyndon Johnson sent more troops to Vietnam because of the domino theory

domino theory

if one country falls, communism will spread into the neighboring areas

the bay of pigs crisis

the US broke economic and trade ties with Cuba when a communist revolution ended with Fidel Castro becoming a dictator in 1960

* John f. Kennedy invaded Cuba because of it’s proximity to Florida (bay of the pigs invasion)
* ended in failure and solidified the alliance between the USSR and Cuba

the cuban missile crisis

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* after the invasion, the soviets supported Cuba with artillery


* Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev sent missiles to Cuba in 1962 because the US had put missiles near the USSR border
* Kennedy ordered to prevent the missiles from reaching Cuba
* Khrushchev sent the missiles back and the US removed theirs
* set up a hot line which was a direct telegraph

1963

\
the USSR and the US + 100 other countries signed the nuclear test-ban treaty (France and china did not) to cut down radiation that was a result from testing

* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty prevented the spread of this tech to non-nuclear countries

angola

won independence in 1975 after 14 years of war and rival ethnic groups were grouped together

* different countries supported different tribes in the chance for access to diamond mines
* 2002: agreement on a cease-fire after 27 years of fighting

tribes in angola and supporters in the war

* USSR + Cuba supported the Mbundu


* south Africa supported the Ovimbundu
* the US supported the bankongo

contra war

\
Sandintstas (socialists) in Nicaragua overthrew the dictatorship and the Contras (conservatives) tried t overthrow them

* civil war from 1981-1988 , with the US supporting the Contras
* ended with the Tela accord in 1989 and the demobilization of both armies

antinuclear weapon movement

1955: 1/3 of Japan wanted to sign a petition against nuclear weapons

* spread to the US and other western European states
* June 6, 1982: 1 million people protested against such weapons in NYC

communism in china

\
the communists were led by Mao Zedong, who redistributed land and opened schools

* people viewed this as less corrupt and supported


* 1949: communists defeated the nationalists and set up the people’s republic of China, with 5-year plans like the soviets

great leap forward

1958 land reform policy which organized peasant lands into communes were the state controlled it( anyone who resisted was sent to camps or killed)

* there were food shortages but China continued exports, which led to 20 million starving and the policy was stopped in 1960

cultural revolution in china

1966; ordered Red Guards (revolutionary students) sent teachers and government officials into “reeducation”

china’s relations w the USSR

\
they were often hostile and there was a competition for global influence

* Albania (a soviet satellite) sided w China for financial aid

WWII Iranian leader

the Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi came into power after the previous leader almost supported Hitler, people argued Pahlavi was a puppet for western countries. He fled the country in 1951

leader after Pahlavi fled the country

Mohammad Mosaddegh came to power as a prime minister and he wanted to nationalize oil industries

* the US and GB overthrew him and made the shah come back into power with an authoritarian rule

land reform in the white revolution

\
progressive reforms in Iran w/o bloodshed: women’s rights, social welfare, land ownership

* the gov bought from land owners and sold it to a lower price to peasants

iranian revolution

1979; new government was a theocracy

vietnam in 1945

independence, communists in power in the north and they violently took land to redistribute, but the south was slow in implementing their policies

Ethiopia

\
wwii haile selassie returned to power and the country profited off of coffee trade → western style politic and reform

* many saw him as another western puppet

ethiopia 1974

\
Mengitsu Haile Mariam came into power and assassinated 60 former officials

* declared as socialist and received aid from the USSR but there was famine and failed economic policies → Mengitsu fled the country in 1991

changes in India

\
Pakistan (Muslim) and India (Hindu) were created in 1947 after the independence movements

* India tried to create land reforms but it was only successful in Kerala and the government soon slowed down the progress

movements for freedom in India and Pakistan

\
1920s movement led by Gandhi and the establishment of the Indian National Congress in the 1800s

* Muslim League was founded in 1906 to give a voice to the minority of Muslims


* protests grew as Britain didn't give the freedom they promised after WWI

the royal Indian navy revolt of 1946

Britain realized it couldn’t control India anymore

Ghana’s independence

Ghana’s freedom was granted in 1957 and its first president Kwame Nkrumah took office in 1960

* installation of hydroelectric plants and wanted to construct a national ideal with a flag and anthem but people accused him of making the government in debt

Ghana 1964

Ghana became a one-party state with Nkrumah in power

* he wanted to spread pan-Africanism → OAU (organization of African unity) was formed in 1963
* 3 years later there was a military coup to overthrow him

Algeria’s fight for independence

social, political, and economic crises but the French responded with restrictive laws

* Algerian war for independence 1954, led by the FLN (national liberation front)
* the FLN used guerrilla techniques but their casualties were high
* the conflict caused division in France, as the communist party was growing and wanted to grant independence

1958

French President Charles de Gaulle expanded presidential power and planned for Algeria to gain independence

wars in Algeria

\
the war started in 1962 and many settlers fled which caused problems in France

* the FLN became a one-party state and was socialist
* another war (1991-2002) when the Islamic Salvation Front won an election (that was later canceled bc the FLN wanted to stay in power)
* 2011: military state of emergency that had been in place since 1992 was lifted

comparing Ghana and Algeria

* both had conflicts between those wanting single-party socialism vs. multiparty


* Ghana created a new constitution in 1992, easing the transfer of power
* religious tensions worsened in Algeria
* the right-wing Islamist movement used violence and assassinated Algeria’s president in 1992
* 1997: Algeria banned theocracy political parties

1959

most French West African countries had negotiated independence

Ho Chi Minh

communist leader in North Vietnam

* France responded by trying to reinstate colonial rule and it started a war for independence that lasted until 1954

Vietnam peace treaty

split the country and an election was planned in 1956 that would reunite it (but no election took place in fear of the communists winning)

the antiwar movement in the US

there were many casualties and the President started withdrawing troops in 1971 (all of them out by 1975)

Vietnam 1980s

made market-based economic reforms

freedom in Egypt

Egypt became an independent kingdom in 1922

* treaty in 1936 allowed for more autonomy but Britain still had influence
* after WWII, Egypt became 1/6 of the Arab League

1952

General Abdel Nasser overthrew the king and created the Republic of Egypt

* Muhammad Naguib as it’s first president and Nasser as it's second
* promoted pan-Arabism
* policies were Islamic and socialist w land reform and nationalizing some businesses

the Suez crisis

* money from France between 1859-1869 and many of the Egyptians working on it died


* 1956 Nasser seized the canal and Israel invaded Egypt after being ordered by Britain and France (who both controlled the canal)
* claimed they were enforcing a UN cease-fire but the USSR and the US opposed the actions
* the agreement that the canal would be used internationally and Britain + France + Israel weren’t happy apt US involvement but it was an example of US superpower

Nigeria

independence from Britain in 1960

Biafra Civil War in Nigeria

Nigeria 1967; Igbos tribe was more in line with Wester, Christian ideals and wanted to pull away from the northern-influenced government and to stop the attacks from the Hausa-Fulani Islamic group that was a part of the North

* they declared themselves an independent nation called Biafra which failed and ended in 1970

Nigeria’s solution to the civil war

the government wanted to prevent tribalism, as it was detrimental to the country

* solution was 36 states with borders created to separate ethnic and religious groups
* constitution encouraged intermarriage to solve problems between ethnic groups

what became an increasing problem in Nigeria?

oil deposits became a problem as the government exploited them and polluted the surrounding areas

Canada and the “silent revolution” in Quebec

Quebecois were more aligned with France than England

* “quiet revolution”: 1960s; liberal party making policies to separate them from the British-controlled Canada and nationalism grew
* some extremists began bombings in 1963
* 1995: Quebec tried to be an independent nation but failed

zionist movement

started in the 1890s with the Dreyfus Affair, which claimed that the Jews that were blending into European countries were experiencing unequal opportunities and Herzl called for a separate Jewish state

formation of Israel

Zionists wanted the Jewish state to be in Palestine, but there was a large Muslim population living there

1917 Balfour declaration

called for Jews to live in Palestine, but Lawrence of Arabia had promised the Arabs that had helped in the war they would also get a separate state

* Britain had a mandate over the Ottoman Empire and the Jews that started immigrating there disrupted Islamic ways of life

1948

UN split Palestine into Arab and Jewish sections

war in Israel

Israel had support from the US and Palestine had support from neighboring Arab countries

* 7 cease-fires and the Israel army won, but there were 400,000 refugees

1956

Israel tried to free the Suez Canal but withdrew

1967 (six-day war)

Israel fought on three fronts: Gaza Strip in Egypt, West + East Jerusalem from Jordan, and Golan Heights from Syria

Yom Kippur war of 1973

Israel stopped an invasion from Egypt and Syria

Israeli-Egyptian peace

\
US President Jimmy Carter mediated the Camp David Accords

* Palestine and 7 other Arab states rejected the peace treaty of 1979
* PLO (Palestinian liberation organization) wanted to gain back taken lands and independent nation

Palestinian split

Fatah: controlled the west bank; Hamas: controlled Gaza

* Israel government border controls = harsh economic times for Palestinians
* violence continued and many Arab countries resented the US because it supported Israel

Cambodia’s independence

wanted independence from France in 1953, and the Cambodian royal family still controlled the government

Cambodia and Pol Pot

involvement in the Vietnam war → communist organization Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot rose to power and took over the government

* “cultural revolution” that targeted intellectuals
* 1/4 of the population was either killed or starved to death

1977

Vietnamese troops helped opponents of Pol Pot and Vietnam took control of the government in order to achieve stability

1989

the Vietnamese withdrew from Cambodia

1991

peace agreement (UN involved) → constitutional monarch and democratic gov for Cambodia

India and Pakistan separation (1947)

* women had the right to vote in both countries


* 10 million people moved, as the countries broke into separate religious groups (0.5-1 million died)
* India had been a democracy and Pakistan was led by authoritarian military leaders

Kashmir conflict

conflict over the border mountains, most people were Muslim but the area’s leader was Hindu

* solution: India controlled 45%, Pakistan controlled 35% and China 20%

world’s first female prime minister

Sirimavo Bandaranaike for Sri Lanka, won the position in 1960 after her husband was assassinated a year earlier in the position

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

socialist policies; voted out but in 1970 she returned w more radical policies (land reforms and a constitution that renamed the country as Sri Lanka)

* the economy stalled again and she was voted out in 1977


* her daughter became the first female president in 1994 and Bandaranaike was prime minister again

India 1996

Indira Gandhi became leader and improved the economy

* war w Pakistan damaged it, national emergency in 1975 because of the poverty and inflation rate


* The 20-point economic program stopped inflation and removed corrupt laws

Pakistan’s leader

Benazir Bhutto was the prime minister in 1988 but didn't solve poverty or the economic problem

* won the election twice then exiled from 1999-2007 and when she returned she was assassinated

modernization of Tanzania

\
* independence from Britain in 1961 → United Republic of Tanzania
* Julius Nyerere was the first president, with socialist ideals
* literacy campaigns, free education + collective farming
* economic hardships continued and resigned in 1985 but was still an important figure until he died

Martin Luther King Jr.

achieved change through speeches and boycotts

* bus boycott (19955-1956)
* Brown v. Board of Education
* marches such as in washington
* led to the Civil Rights Act of 1965