INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION

Inclusive Education

In this education, both students with and without disabilities learn more.

Special Education

It refers to the specially designed Instruction to meet  the unique needs and abilities of exceptional students

Impairment

Problem with structure or organ of the body.

Abnormalities of body structure and appearance and organ or system function.

Disability

Functional limitation with regard to a particular activity. Reflecting the consequences of impairment in terms of performance and activities

Handicap

Environmental factor preventing the filling of a normal life role.

Disadvantages experienced by the individual because of impairments and disabilities

Batas Pambansa blg. 232

The state shall promote the right of every individual to relevant quality education regardless of sex, age, breed, socio-economic status, physical and mental condition, social or ethnic origin, political and other affiliation. The state shall therefore promote and maintain equality of access to education as well as the enjoyment of benefits of education by all its citizens.

RA 7277

An Act Providing For The Rehabilitation, Self-Development And Self-Reliance Of Disabled Person And Their Integration Into The Mainstream Of Society And For Other Purposes.

Batas Pambansa Blg. 344

An Act to Enhance the Mobility of Disabled Persons by Requiring Cars, Buildings, Institutions, Establishments and Public Utilities to install facilities and other Devices

SPECIAL EDUCATION CENTER

The base for the special education program in a school.
“school within the school concept”.

SPECIAL CLASS OR SELF-CONTAINED CLASS

It is composed of a group of pupils with the same exceptionality or disability.

MAINSTREAM PROGRAMS

Allow the children with disabilities to be integrated in a regular class and learn side by side with their peers.

Partial Mainstream

children with moderate or severe forms of disabilities integrated in a regular class in selected subjects.

Full Mainstreams

children with disabilities going to regular class and participating in all subjects.

SPECIAL DAY CLASS

It focuses on helping children to develop social skills and self-control.

trained special educators

They teach special education classes

Legal

Conforming to or permitted by law or established rules.

1987 Philippine Constitution, Act XIV Sec 1

Protects and promotes the right of all to quality education

1987 Philippine Constitution, Act XIV Sec

* System of education  relevant to the needs of the people and society.
* Free public education in elem and high school
* System of scholarship grants (especially for underprivileged students)
* Non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems
* Provide adults, disables, out-of-school youth with training

RA 10533 Enhanced Basic Education Act

* Opportunity to every student to receive quality education
* Broaden goals of high school for college preparation
* Makes education learner-oriented and responsive to the needs (mother tongue as the learning resource)

Enhanced Basic Education Act

RA 10533 is called?

RA 8371 Indigenous People’s Right Act

* Recognition of rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities
* To preserve culture, traditions and institutions
* To ensure equal protection and non-discrimination

Indigenous People’s Right Act

RA 8371 is called?

PD 103

* Right to education
* A child is one of the assets of the nation
* The child is not a mere creature of the State.
* Child should be given assistance, guidance, 
* The parents, state, and other entities shall provide the student the best education

RA 7610 Special Protection Against Child Abuse and Exploitation

Special protection to children from all forms of abuse, neglect, cruelty and discrimination.

Special protection of Children against abuse, exploitation and discrimination act

RA 7610 is called?

RA 9344 Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act

A system that deals with children at risk an children in conflict with the law

RA 9344 Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act

It includes appropriate proceedings such as programs and services for prevention, diversion, rehabilitation, reintegration and aftercare.

Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act

RA 9344 is called?

RA 9442 Magna Carta for Disabled Persons

Additional privileges for disabled persons.

Magna Carta for Disabled Persons

RA 9442 is called?

RA 10665 Open High School Act

Alternative learning for people who can’t attend normal formal classes.

Open High School Act

RA 10665 is called?

RA 7277 Rehabilitation, and Integration of Disabled Persons in Mainstream Society

* Magna Carta for Disabled Persons
* Support for improvement of their well-being and integration into mainstream of society
* Rights to take their proper place in society
* Rehabilitation of disabled person is concern of the government
* Private sector in promoting the welfare of disabled persons
* For integration to the mainstream of society, The state shall advocate for and encourage respect for disabled persons.

Educational psychology

Driving force behind some of the greatest advances in the field of special education

Jean Piaget

* August 9, 1896 - September 19, 1980
* Neuchatel, Switzerland (Born in)
* Died at the age of 84.
* swiss psychologist
* systematic study of the acquisition of studying children.
* A Significant Figure In 20th -Century Developmental Psychology. 
* Zoology
* Majored In Zoology And Philosophy (1918)
* Epistemology (to Psychology)
* Knowledge from biology and philosophy influenced his theories

Piaget’s cognitive Development

Observing a small number of individuals as they responded to cognitive tasks that he designed.

Piagetian tasks

What do you call the tasks in cognitive development?

* Schema
* assimilation
* Accommodation
* Equilibrium

What are the Four concepts of Piaget’s cognitive Development?

Schema

An individual way to understand or create meaning about things or experience

Assimilation

Process of fitting new information into existing schemas, ideas and understanding

Accommodation

Process of creating new schema

Equilibrium

* need to understand how the world works to find order
* Balance between assimilation and accommodation

* Sensorimotor
* Preoperational
* Concrete operational
* Formal operational

What are the stages of Cognitive Development?

Sensorimotor

* Birth to infancy
* Focuses on prominence of senses and muscle movements
* Sucking, grasping, and reaching

Object Prominence

ability of the child to know that an object still exists even when out of sight.

Preoperational stage

* 2 to 7 yrs old (pre-school)
* Intelligence is intuitive
* Adept at using symbol

Symbolic Functions

ability to represent objects and events

Egocentrism

tendency of the child to only see their point of view

Centration

tendency of a child to become focus on one aspect of a thing and exudes other aspects.

Irreversibility

inability to reverse their thinking

Animism

attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects

Transductive reasoning

type of reasoning that is neither inductive or deductive.

Concrete operational stage

* 8-11 yrs old
* ability of the child to think logically but only in terms of concrete Objects

Decentering

Ability of the child to explore different features of objects and situations.

Reversibility

A child can now follow certain operations that can be done in reverse.

Conservation

Ability to know certain properties and objects even if there is a change in appearance

Seriation

Ability to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension

Formal operational stage

* 12-15 yrs old
* Thinking becomes more logical
* solve abstract problems and can hypothesize.

Hypothetical reasoning

the ability to come up with different hypotheses

Analogical reasoning

the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance

Deductive reasoning

the ability to think logically

Albert Bandura

Canadian-born American psychologist

Social Learning Theory

A person’s behavior is influenced by the environment and vice versa.

Reciprocal Determinism

actions are just reactions of what has already happened

Attention

What the learner's noticed on the modeled behavior.

Retention

What they are able to remember

Motor Reproduction

What they are physically able to copy

Motivation

Being rewarded for doing what they are doing

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Russian/Soviet Psychologist

Scaffolding

Support or assistance that lets the child accomplish a task he cannot accomplish independently

Jean Lave

Social anthropologist/Professor

Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger

Developed situated learning

Situated learning

The creation of meaning from real activities of daily living

Situated

A practice in the field of learning from experience

Construct

A student form or constructs their own knowledge from experience they bring to the learning situation

Traditional learning

involves students in cooperative activities where they are challenged to use their critical thinking and kinesthetic abilities.

**Law**

a rule made by a government that states how people may and may not behave in society and in business, and that often orders particular punishments if they do not obey, or a system of such rules

**Constitution**

System of laws and basic principles that a state is governed by.

**Basic Education**

* It is intended to meet basic learning needs which provide a foundation on which subsequent learning can be based. 
* Kindergarten, primary and secondary education

**Enhanced Basic Education**

* Increasing the Number of Years for Basic Education
* encompasses at least one (1) year of kindergarten education, six (6) years of elementary education, and six (6) years of secondary education.

**Minimum age of Criminal Liability**

15 years

Inclusion/**Inclusivity**

It is not a matter of political correctness, it is the key to growth

**Equality**

Everyone is treated the same

**Equality**

It ensures that every individual has an equal opportunities to make most of their lives and talents

**Equality**

The belief that no one should have poorer life chances

**Equality**

Recognizes historically certain groups of people with protected characteristics: race, sex, disability, sexual orientation

**Equity**

It recognizes each person has different circumstances

**Equity**

Varying types of support depending on the needs of the individual

Convention on the Rights of the Child

● to protect children, and our world, by recognizing that today’s children are tomorrow’s leaders

● include children in shaping the future they are inheriting

**Article 2**

* Non-discrimination
* all children should enjoy their rights and should never be subjected to any discrimination.

**Article 3:1**

* Best Interest of the Children 


* special support to be able to enjoy their rights fully. 
* the best interest of the child shall be a primary consideration

**Article 6:2**

* The right to survival and development
* The right not to be killed

**Article 12:1**

* Respecting the views of the child
* the right to express those views freely in all matters

**UNESCO**

contribute to peace and security through education, science, culture in order to further universal respect for justice

195

Number of members in UNESCO

Education for All

What does **EFA stand for?**

**EFA**

* Education for All
* bring the benefits of education to “every citizen in every society”

**K to 12 Inclusion Policy**

Inclusive education is the core principle of it.

**Charles Michel L `Epée**

one of the pioneers in the 18th century in what concerns the education of the disabled.

M. Delia Delight Rice

a pioneering teacher of deaf-blind pupils at the Wisconsin and Ohio Schools for the Deaf in the early 1900s

(Insular School for the Deaf and the Blind)